A Study On The Current Status And Influencing Factors Of Cough And Sputum In People Aged 40 And Over In My Country

ObjectiveThis project aimed at investigating the prevalence and risk factors of cough,sputum,chronic cough,chronic phlegm among people aged 40 years and above in China,and further,providing basic evidence for the early detection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as well as suggestions and measures for the prevention and treatment of chronic respiratory diseases and symptoms.MethodsThe study used data from China Non-communicable and Chronic Disease(NCD)Surveillance in 2010 and 2011.The data were collected from 161 Surveillance Points and NO.2 Division of Agriculture in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.The surveillance recruited Chinese residents(who stay in the area for at least 6 months)aged 18 years and above as the subjects.From this sample,we included all people aged above 40 years old,using the multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method.The study collected data through questionnaires.The 2010 questionnaire collected information on demographics,major respiratory symptoms and predominant risk factors.The 2011 questionnaire collected information on outdoor environment(for example,main roads and factories near the dwellings),and domestic environment(for instances,including heating and home decoration).The prevalence rates of cough,sputum,chronic cough and chronic sputum in 40 years old and above were estimated.Between-group differences were estimated using chi-square testing.Risk factors influencing the symptoms of chronic respiratory diseases were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression models.Odds ratio and corresponding 95%confidence intervals were reported.All estimated values with a P-value lower than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.All statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.3.ResultsIn total,56066 subjects were included in the study.There were 25155 males(44.9%)and 30911 females(55.1%).22841 people lived in cities(40.7%),and 33225(59.3%)people resided in rural areas.The prevalence of cough,chronic cough,sputum and chronic sputum,were 40.2%(with a 95%CI between 11.5 and 12.9%),5.3%(with a between95%CI was 5.0 and 5.7%),12.1%(with a 95%CI between 11.3 and 12.9%),and 5.1%(with a 95%CI between 4.7 and 5.5%),correspondingly.The prevalence of every symptom in men was higher than that in women(P<0.05).The prevalence of cough and sputum in the high age group was higher than that in the low age group(P<0.05).Moreover,the prevalence of the four respiratory symptoms was higher in the western China than in the central and eastern China(P<0.05),higher in smokers than in non-smokers,and higher in the low education level than in the high level,which were all found statistically significant(P<0.05).Notably,prevalence of everyday smokers was much higher than that of non-everyday smokers(P<0.05).The prevalence of cough,chronic cough,sputum,chronic phlegm was rising with the increase of years and amount of smoking,which was statistically significant(P<0.05).Differences of prevalence of the four symptoms were also found regarding various level of outdoor air pollution and way of heating(P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference of prevalence found between urban and rural areas.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that:(1)The risk factors associated with cough were male gender(male as control,female OR=0.79,P<0.001),older age(40?49 years old as control,50?59 years old OR=1.16,60?69 years old OR=1.33,70 years old and above OR=1.64,P<0.05),lower level of education(with primary school and blow as control,junior high school OR=0.80,high school and secondary school OR=0.75,P<0.001),western region(the eastern region as the control,the western region OR=1.32,P<0.05),smoking(not smokers as control,smokers who not smoke every day were OR=1.36,daily smokers OR=2.93,P<0.001),and having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(OR=11.99,P<0.001).(2)The risk factors associated with chronic cough were male gender(male as control,female OR=0.74,P<0.001),older age(40?49 years old as control,50?59 years old OR=1.09,60?69 years old OR=1.31,70 years old and above OR=1.58,P<0.001),lower level of education(with primary school and blow as control,junior high school OR=0.74,high school and secondary school OR=0.66,college and above OR=0.61,P<0.001),western region(the eastern region as control,the western region OR=1.20,P<0.05).Certain occupation(with farmer,fishery and herdsman as control,medical staff and teachers OR=0.73,P=0.034),smoking(no smokers as control,daily smokers OR=2.67,P<0.001),and having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(OR=12.69,P<0.001).(3)The risk factors associated with sputum were male gender(male as control,female OR=0.79,P<0.001),older age(40?49 years old population as control,50?59 years old OR=1.21,60?69 years old OR=1.35,70 years old and above O=1.54,P<0.001),lower level of education(with primary school and blow as control,junior high school OR=0.88,high school and secondary school OR=0.88,P<0.05),western region(the eastern region as control,the western region OR=1.19,P<0.05).Certain occupation(with farmer,fishery and herdsman as control,driver OR=1.23,no employment,retirees OR=1.19,P<0.05),smoking(no smokers as control,smokers who not smoke every day were OR=1.45,daily smokers OR=2.90,P<0.001,and having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(OR=10.67,P<0.001).(4)The risk factors associated with chronic sputum were male gender(male as control,female OR=0.66,P<0.001),older age(40?49 years old population as control,50?59 years old OR=1.14,60?69 years old OR=1.40,70 years old and above OR=1.55,P<0.001),lower level of education(with primary school and the following control,junior high school OR=0.77,high school and secondary college OR=0.78,P<0.05)western region(the eastern region as control,the western region OR=1.22,P<0.05),certain occupation(farmer,fisherman,herdsman as control,driver OR=1.21,non-employment,retirees OR=1.28,P<0.05),smoking(no smokers as control,daily smokers OR=2.72,P<0.001),having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(OR=11.78,P<0.001)and warm earth heating(OR=1.23,P=0.034)ConclusionsThe prevalence of cough,sputum,chronic cough,chronic sputum is high in men and older age group.There was a significant difference between the smokers and non-smokers,the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or not.Male,age,low level of education,the western region of living,smoking,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the risk factors of cough,sputum,chronic cough,chronic sputum.And occupational as a driver,not employed and retirees are the risk factors of sputum,chronic sputum.The earth of the warm(coal stove,stove)heating is the risk factor of chronic sputum.