Historical Research Of "Toquz-o?uz"

"Toquz-o?uz" was a powerful tribal alliance sitting in the northern deserts formed during the Turkic Khanate.The history of the "Toquz-o?uz" tribe has an important position that cannot be ignored in the study of ethnic history north of the Great Wall,and is also an important part in the ancient history of the Mongolian plateau.At present,the research on the "Toquz-o?uz" is relatively weak and novel.So far,some problems have not been solved,and various problems need further study.This article,on the basis of fully absorbing previous studies,puts forward personal insights into the ambiguous history of the " Toquz-o?uz " and makes a preliminary exploration.This article is composed of four parts,namely the preface and the main text.The preface introduces the significance of topic selection,prior research achievements,the use of historical materials and research methods.The first chapter is about the name of " Toquz-o?uz " and the question of the alliance as seen in historical materials.Researchers at home and abroad have made some achievements in the research on the history of the " Toquz-o?uz " tribe,but some aspects still need to be answered.The main reasons may be: firstly,the ancient Turkic Runi language was damaged because of age,and its interpretation is not satisfactory;second,the historical records in Chinese are not concentrated enough,and some records are rumored or heard or erroneous;Thirdly,the issue of the origin and name change of the " Toquz-o?uz " tribe has not yet reached a consensus,and each holds its own opinion.The different ages in the Chinese literature records lead to different names of the same tribe,as well as the volatile tribal history and geography peculiar to nomadic society,which also make the research more difficult.Therefore,it is necessary to compare the names of the northern ministries recorded within Chinese literature from different periods,and on this basis,use the ancient Turkic Runi inscriptions to explore further.The second chapter is about the tribes of the " Toquz-o?uz " alliance.Regarding the historical problems of the ancient tribes of the northern Desert,researchers have been troubled by it.With the continuous discovery of ancient Turkic Runi and ancient Uighur and other precious documents,it has enriched the research materials of the history of the " Toquz-o?uz ".According to the records of the ancient Turkic Runi,the " Toquz-o?uz " Alliance is a strong enemy in the northern part of the second Turkic Khanate.In order to consolidate the regime,the Turks fought many wars with the " Toquz-o?uz ".The subordinate department of " Toquz-o?uz " recorded in the ancient Turki Runi stele and the Tiele division recorded in Chinese historical materials have similarities in terms of time and place of residence.The third chapter is about the formation and development of the " Toquz-o?uz " alliance.The change of grassland regime is ofte n related to the rise of tribal alliances.The Turkic Khanate is no exception,with the retreat of their forces and the rise of the alliance of the Iron Divisions." Toquz-o?uz " is an ancient tribal alliance formed in northern Desert.The author believes that the formation of the " Toquz-o?uz " Alliance is related to the weakening of the Turkic Khanate.According to historical records in Chinese,there are Tiele divisions in northern Turke,which belonged to the Eastern and Western Turkic Khanate since the founding of the Turks.The regime has evolved on the grasslands for thousands of years.Although the Tieles of northern Desert have not established a unified regime,they still played an important role in northern Desert until the rise of Mongolia.The Mongols not only integrated the ancient nomadic culture,but also had a linguistic relationship with the Turkic language.The "Toquz-o?uz " mentioned in the ancient Turkic Runi Tablet and the "Toquz-o?uz " tribal alliance recorded in Chinese historical materials have changed,but a considerable number of people still nomads lived in the northern Desert until the rise of Mongolia.In other words,the " Toquz-o?uz " tribe has a direct relationship with the grasslands before the rise of Mongolia.