A Comparative Study Of The Effects Of Ginseng Root Of Various Ages And 5-year-old Ginseng Of Different Parts On Immune Activity

The growth age of ginseng is the most major factor affecting its quality,and the different parts of ginseng(roots,stems,leaves,flowers,seeds)have great difference in chemical components,the corresponding pharmacological activities must have certain differences.In this paper,the chemical constituents of ginseng and their effects on immune system of immunodeficient mice were studied,which in order to provide references for the further development and clinical application of ginseng.1?A study on chemical components and immune activity in ginseng root from various ages.Among the samples with different ages(3/4/5/6),the sample of 6-year-old ginseng has the highest contents of ginsenosides,total sapoins,amino acids and crude protein:30.94?59.77?96.53?170.11 mg/g,respectively;The content of total polysaccharides was the highest in5-year-old ginseng and its content was 22.80 mg/g.The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 3-,4-,5-,and 6-year-old ginseng on the immune system of immunosuppressed mice.Immunosuppression was induced by cyclophosphamide in the mouse model,whereas levamisole hydrochloride tablet(TLH)was used for the positive control group.The 3-,4-,5-,and 6-year-old ginsengs were formulated as 0.25,0.5,and 1.0 g/kg body weight groups,respectively,and intragastrically administered to the mice.Six assays were conducted to determine the immunomodulatory effects of ginseng on innate and adaptive immune response,followed by flow cytometry to investigate spleen T-lymphocyte sub-populations,and the serum cytokines level were investigated by double antibody sandwich ELISA.Compared with the model group,the TLH group and ginseng group showed enhanced the innate and adaptive immune response as evidenced by increased number of leukocytes,cellular immunity,phagocytosis of macrophages,and NK cell activity in immunosuppressed mice.The immune effects of 5-and 6-year-old ginseng were better than those of 3-and 4-year-old ginseng and 0.5g/kg body weight of 6-year-old ginseng showed the maximum effect.The immune activity of ginseng increased with an increase in age,and the activity of 3-to 5-year-old ginseng was dose-dependent between 0.25-and 1.0 g/kg body weight,but the 6-year-old ginseng had no dose-dependent activity between the 0.25-and 1.0 g/kg weight body,which indicated higher dose of ginseng extract is not associated with better immune effects.2?A study on chemical components and immune activity in ginseng from 5-year-old biological different parts.The total polysaccharide content in the ginseng samples of 5 years old was the highest in leaves,and its content was 35.09 mg/g.The sample of flower has the highest contents of ginsenosides,total sapoins,amino acids and crude protein:105.99?113.78?137.53?255.05 mg/g,respectively.Saponins have important biological activity.This study showed that among different years of ginseng samples,and among different parts of 5-year-old ginseng,ginseng flowers have the highest content of saponins.From a more comprehensive view of nutrients,it is also 5-year-old ginseng flowers have higher levels of nutrients.The objective of the current study is to compare the effects of immunological activity on five-year-old ginseng of various parts(root/stem/leaf/flower/seed)on the immune system of immunosuppressive mice.Immunosuppression was induced by cyclophosphamide(CTX)in the mouse model,and levamisole hydrochloride tablet(LTH)was used for the positive control group.Ginseng root(GRT),ginseng leaf(GLF)and ginseng flower(GFR)can relief immunosuppression by increased the viability of NK cells,enhanced immune organ index,improved cell-mediated immune response,increased macrophage function and boosted the content of CD4~+and ratio of CD4~+/CD8~+in immunodeficiency mice.The GRT and GFR markedly enhanced the content of cytokines such as IL-1?,IL-2,IL-4,IL-6,IFN-?,and TNF-?of immunosuppression mice.Nevertheless,ginseng stem(GSM)and ginseng seed(GSD)merely can enhance thymus indices,carbon clearance,splenocyte proliferation,NK cell activities and the level of IL-4 in immunosuppression mice.The GRT and GFR remarkably increased the protein expression of Nrf2,HO-1,NQO1,SOD1,SOD2 and CAT in spleen of immunosuppression mice.The results demonstrated that GRT and GFR treatment group recovered the immune ability of the immunocompromised mice were relatively better than GSM,GLF and GSD.This study provides a theoretical basis for further study on different parts of ginseng.