Literature Study Of "The Meaning Of Ancient Medicine" Written By Zhang Ji

Zhang Ji(1874-1951),also known by his style name,XianShi,who was born in ShuangliuCounty,SichuanProvince,was a famous Confucian classies,Chinese medical scholar,medical history philologist and medical educator in the Republic of China.In his early years,he graduated from Sichuan legal-political school and served as governor of Fengxiang,Mizhi and Yulin counties in Shanxi.After middle age,he opened a "Yi Sheng Tang" clinic in Chengdu to receive patients,and set up a "Jigu Medical School" to teach students.In his later years,he devoted himself to the development of Sichuan Medical College.Books on his life were collected in the "Ji Gu Medical Series",including "The meaning of ancient medicine"(including "Supplement notes by doctors of Zhou Li","Zuo Shi,Qin He' s biography and supplementary notes","Shi Ji,Bian Que and Cang Gong's biography and supplementary notes","Han Shu·Yi Wen Zhi·Fang Ji supplementary notes","Later Han Shu.Hua Tuo biography and supplementary notes",and "ZiHua Zi Medical Theory Articles").The six kinds of handed down documents he has annotated are important medical history documents that record medical affairs,characters and classics during the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties.Zhang Ji's interpretation of the characters,words and sentences in the book and his interpretation of medical theories have made remarkable achievements in the philology of traditional Chinese medicine.At the same time,it outlined a relatively clear medical picture of Qin and Han Dynasty for us,and also started the domestic research on"Bian Quemedicine".Therefore,"The meaning of ancient medicine" is the core writing of Zhang Ji's research on the context of ancient medicine,which is the main reason why this article was selected as the research object.This paper studies "The meaning of ancient medicine"from five aspects,as follows:The first part gives a brief account of Zhang Ji' s life from three aspects:hisstudy,his official career and his medical career.The second part discusses the edition and the background of the book.The research foundation of this paper is a series of books collected in the library of Beijing university of traditional Chinese medicine."The meaning of ancient medicine" was written in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.At this time,the Gu Wen Confucianism with "Qian Jia Pu Xue”as the research thought has been developing,and the voice of suspicion of the Jin Wen Confucianism with emphasis on "the application of the classics through the channels"was still in the ears.What followed was the dispute over the survival and abolition of Chinese medicine in the late Qing Dynasty.The "applying the classics to the world" Tin Wen Confucianism coincided with the "reform movement" at that time,and the debate between the Jin Wen Confucianism and the Gu WenConfucianismhas been stirred up again and surged up under the new historical situation.In such a crisis,"salvation" and " enlightenment”have become two important issues.People of insight began to pay attention to and deepen the medical and clinical research of traditional Chinese medicine.As a Confucian classics,Zhang Ji tried to explore a new way for the survival and development of traditional Chinese medicine in his own way.The third part gives a explanation of the title of "The meaning of ancient medicine" and introduces the contents of six kinds of books and the reasons of Zhang Ji's works.The word "Gu Wei" in“The meaning of ancient medicine" originated from "Gu Wei Book”compiled by Sun Jue in Ming Dynasty,and "Gu WeiShu" is a collection of Wei Shu.Lateron,the word "Gu Wei" was also found in " ShuGu Wei" and"Poetry GuWei",written by Wei Yuan,a contemporary literary scholar in the Qing Dynasty.In combination with the six abstracts of "The meaning of ancient medicine" written by Zhang Ji and the contents of the book,althoughZhang Ji's approach to study followed the tradition of“Qian JiaPu Xue”,his interpretation of medicine tended to be more inclined to the tradition of "applying the classics to the world" since the Dao Guang and Xian Feng years in the Qing Dynasty.Thus,it can be seen that "The meaning of ancient medicine" is a book by Zhang Ji that expounds medical classics and medical history,and its title has a distinct Confucian color.Zhang Ji realized that later scholars and traditional Chinese medicine had more or less deviated from the understanding of medical classics such as "Nei Jing".In order to explore the essence of pre-sage writings,find the orthodoxy of medicine,and provide textbooks for the "Ancient Medical School" co-founded by Sun Zi Fang,he began to write and print "The meaning of ancient medicine".The fourth part discusses the methods and characteristics of the compilation of "The meaning of ancient medicine" byZhangJi.This book includes six kinds of medical books,which are arranged in the order of "Jin Shi Zi Ji".On the style of text writing,under the title of the text of each book,the author of the original book,the author of the cited notes and Zhang Ji's supplementary notes are explained first.Under each article,the previous comments are listed first,followed by the opinions.Zhang Ji advocated that Confucians should learn medicine and doctors should read classics before they could "prosper and quit learning".Compared with China in the same period,Japanese scholars have taken the lead in applying the theory of "Qian Jia Pu Xue" to the study of ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine,thus forming a magnificent "Edo Textual Research School".At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China,the "Confuciandoctors"represented by Liao Ping and Zhang Tai Yan tried to integrate medical theory into the textual research of Confucian classics.There are three characteristics to summarize ZhangJi' swritings.The first is to master the Confucianism and exegesis.In his early years,Zhang Ji studied in Confucian books and was able to use the "Foundation of Confucianism”(including textology,phonology,and exegesis)to annotate and clear text sentences.The second is to attach importance to the evidence and seek truth.In his academic research,Zhang Ji focused on the application of textual research,strived for the truth,and strived to restore the true appearance of ancient literature and medical history.The third is to integrate classics and be good at medical science.ZhangJi was proficient in medical science and was familiar with medical classics.In "ZiHua Zi·Medical Theory Articles:self-preface",It was not advisable to criticize the shortcomings of some doctors in later generations that "more people attach importance to surgery and fewer people attach importance to medical treatment".Although prescription medication was often effective,it was not advisable.The fifth part discusses in detail the academic value of "The meaning of ancient medicine".Zhangji used the method of "Qian Jia Pu Xue" to study and excavate the contents of the six books of "The meaning of ancient medicine".Itwas not only a breakthrough in the exegesis of some difficult words and sentences,but also a breakthrough in the overall grasp of medical history,which was reflected in the sorting out of the origin of medicine,the discussion of the social status of ancient doctors,and the textual research of medical figures in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties.Especially in the collation of ancient medicine,Zhangji' s viewpoint was obviously different from that of previous physicians.He re-listed the important position of "BianQue".Through the interpretation of historical materials such as "Shi Ji·BianQue and Cang Gong' s biography","Han Shu·Yi Wen Zhi·Fang Ji Lue",and the textual research of medical documents such as "Nei Jing" and "Nan Jing”,we construct a medical picture of pre-Qin and Han Dynasty which is different from what we have seen before.In his "The meaning of ancient medicine”,Zhang Ji made a total of 51 annotations on diseases and symptoms involving various internal and external subjects.He advocated 'using various methods to treat”,needle,stone,soup,fire " four methods,as well as "disease in raising","Adjust the emotions inside,and adjust the heat and cold outside".In terms of etiology and pathology,it was pointed out that“Qin He' s theory about six pathogenic factors is the ancestor of three causes in later generations",and boldly integrated the knowledge of We stern medicine to explain relevant TCM academic terms,such as "blood vessels","stomach","luo Mai" and so on.Although Zhang Ji borrowed the knowledge of Western medicine from individual concepts of TCM,most of his knowledge was still rooted in the viewpoint of traditional Chinese medicine,which was different from those of Zhang Tai Yan and Lu Yuan Lei who abandoned the "Five Elements Theory" and advocated the " scientific" theory of scholarly research.However,it did not go against the tenet of "making brilliant ancient meanings and integrating new knowledge"Through the study of medical literature unearthed from Ma Wang Dui,Zhangjiashan and TianhuiTowns,I found that some of Zhang Ji' s academic thoughts are quite "previous".Forexample,Zhangji pointed out that ancient medicine was closely related to wine and witchcraft(Zhu You).The silk book“Fifty-two Diseases and prescriptions”unearthed from Tomb No.3 of Ma Wang Dui in Changsha included 34 prescriptions for witches and 40 prescriptions for wine.In 2012,44 prescriptions in "Methods for Blending Decoctions to treat 60 Ailments" unearthed from Han tomb in Tianhui town of Chengdu were made with wine,and an other four were made by Zhu You.These ancient prescriptions in the early Western Han Dynasty provide strong evidence for the close relationship between traditional Chinese medicine and alcoholic beverages and witches in the ancient times.Furthermore,Zhang Ji's understanding of pre-Qin and Han Dynasty medicine,especially Bian Que's medicine,profoundly explains the fact that Chinese medicine is closely related to Bian Que at its source.In the medical slips unearthed from the tomb of Han Dynasty in Chengdu,Tianhui town,the word "Bi Xi" has appeared many times.After the textual research,it is possible to prove that its learning originated from Bian Que.Inaddition,"Pulse Book·Shang Jing" and "Ni Shun Wu Se Mai Zang Yan Jing Shen" recorded the content of "inspection and pulse diagnosis about five color",which can also be corroborated with the lost words of Bian Que in the existing literature.It can be seen that the academic thought embodied by Zhang Ji in "The meaning of ancient medicine,is still alive today.This research method,which lays equal stress on both textual research and clinical practice,and the mutual participation of " Pu Xue" and medical science,is of great significance to the study of classics of traditional Chinese medicine and even the study of knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine.In the conclusion part,based on the analysis of Zhang Ji' s writing style and treatment method of "The meaning of ancient medicine,and the comparison of domestic and foreign doctors at the same time,this paper highlights Zhang Ji' s contribution to traditional Chinese medicine,especially in the field of medical history and philology.