| ObjectiveIn this study,a questionnaire survey was performed on patients with gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia along with recording of the symptoms.Combined with the statistical analysis,the differences of the clinical characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine and eating habits between two groups were understood.Though this study,the causes of gout in patients with hyperuricemia were preliminarily analysised.providing a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of hyperuricemia and gout.MethodsWe formulated the “eating habit survey questionnaire” by the methods of literature research and used the “Constitution in Chinese Medicine Questionnaire” developed by Professor Wang Qi to screen the survey.Patients who were clinically confirmed asymptomatic hyperuricemia or gout from inpatient or outpatient department of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine voluntarily participated in and signed the Informed Consent after informed.The trained investigators used the selfdesigned questionnaire with the using of food molds,maps,and household measuring tools as supplementary investigation tools to conduct face-toface questionnaires for patients who met the exclusion criteria.Patients were assisted by the researchers.The researchers wound recycle it on the spot after filling out.Then the collected data was collated,entered,and analyzed.Data entry was performed by Epidata3.1 software,and data analysis was performed by SPSS18.0 statistical software.ResultsIn this study,105 patients were investigated and 10 invalid questionnaires(9.52%)were excluded.In the end,95 effective questionnaires(90.48%)were recorded.The surveyed men were 63(66.3%)and 32 women(33.7%).The male-female ratio was 1.66:1.The patients were between 21 and 78 years of age,including 13(21.7%)aged 21-30,33(34.7%)aged 31-45,21(22.1%)aged 46-60,and 28(29.5%)aged 61-78.Among the 95 patients,the lowest value of blood uric acid was 288 ?mol/L and the highest was 714 ?mol/L,with an average of 504.48±76.41 ?mol/L.Among them,63 were male,and the lowest value of blood uric acid was 288 ?mol/L,the highest was 714?mol/L,and the average serum uric acid level was 512.49±81.88 ?mol/L.32 women were enrolled in the survey.Among them,the lowest value of blood uric acid was 380 ?mol/L,the highest was 648?mol/L,and the average blood uric acid level was 488.72±62.54 ?mol/L.There was no statistical difference in serum uric acid levels between men and women(P=0.16).Among the patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia,the lowest value of blood uric acid was 379 ?mol/L,the highest was 714 ?mol/L,and the average blood uric acid level was 497.78±61.87 ?mol/L.In gout ipatients,the lowest value of blood uric acid was 288 ?mol/L,the highest was 680 ?mol/L,and the average blood uric acid level was 513.32±92.24 ?mol/L.There was no significant difference in serum uric acid between patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia and gout(P=0.355).In terms of age,the median age of respondents was 46 years,and the interquartile range was 29 years.Among them,41(43.16%)were gout patients,the youngest was 24 years old,and the agest was 78 years old.The median age was 56 years old,and the interquartile range was 20.5 years old.In 54 asymptomatic hyperuricemia patients(56.84%),the youngest was 21 years old,the agest was 73 years old,the median age is 38.5 years old,and the interquartile range is 21.5 years old.Patients with gout were older than those without gout(P<0.01).In 63 male patients,36 had gout attack,accounting for 51.14% of the total number of males.In 32 female patients,5 had gout attack,accounting for 15.63% of the total number of females.There was a significant difference in different genders.The prevalence of gout among men was significantly higher than that of women(P<0.01).The odds ratio was OR=7.2(95% CI: 2.45-21.13).In terms of life habits,most of the respondents(75.79%)kept early hours or were late to bed and early Resultsto rise.There was no statistical difference in sleep habits between gout patients and asymptomatic hyperuricemia patients(P=0.88).In the sleep time,the average sleep time of the surveyed subjects was 7.14±1.33 h,in which the average sleep time of gout patients was 6.71±1.10 h,and the average sleep time of asymptomatic hyperuricemia patients was 7.46±1.41 h.The sleep time of gout patients was obvious less than asymptomatic hyperuricemia(P=0.006).In terms of working and living conditions,there were fewer working and busy people in patients with gout than asymptomatic hyperuricemia patients(P=0.005).Twelve patients were engaged in manual labor,29 were engaged in mental work in patients with gout,and 15 were in manual labor and 39 were engaged in mental work in asymptomatic hyperuricemia patients.There was no significant difference between the two groups(P=0.873).In terms of exposure to toxic substances,no one had been exposed to toxic substances in gout patients.Two patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia had been exposed to toxic substances,but the difference was not statistically significant(P=0.504).In terms of home cooking habits,most families use frying or boiling as the main cooking method.There was no significant difference between the two groups(P=0.297).In terms of physical exercise,the difference between gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia patients was not statistically significant(P=0.143).In the association between smoking and gout episodes,18 patients with gout had a history of smoking,and 3 patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia had a history of smoking(P<0.001),and OR=13.30(95% CI: 3.56-49.69).Smoking was a risk factor for gout attacks.In terms of TCM constitution,among the 95 patients,there were 23(24.21%)patients with yang deficiency,of which 17 were asymptomatic hyperuricemia patients,6 were gout patients,and 26.09% were gout patients with yang deficiency.There were 1 person(1.05%)of yin deficiency constitution,including 1 patient with asymptomatic hyperuricemia,0 patient with gout.And there were 12 patients(12.63%)with Qi deficiency constitution,including 7 patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia,5 patients with gout,41.67% were gout patients with Qi deficiency.There were 15 patients(15.79%)with phlegm-dampness constitution,3 patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia,12 patients with gout,and 80% were gout patients with phlegm-dampness constitution.There were 13 patients(13.68%)with damp-heat constitution,including 9 patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia,4 patients with gout,and 30.77% were gout patients of damp-heat constitution.There were 3 patients with congested constitution(3.16%),including 2 asymptomatic hyperuricemia patients,1 gout patient,gout patients accounting for 33.33% of patients with congested constitution.There was 1 patient with the specific endowment constitution(1.05%),who was asymptomatic hyperuricemia.There were 6 patients with Qi depression constitution(6.3 2%),including 5 asymptomatic hyperuricemia patients,1 gout patient,gout patients accounting for 16.67% of patients with Qi depression constitution.There were 21 patients(22.11%)with mild constitution,among them 9 were asymptomatic hyperuricemia patients,12 were gout patients,and gout patients accounting for 57.14% of patients with mild constitution.There was a statistically significant difference in the TCM constitution between patients with hyperuricemia and gout(P<0.01).Among them,the phlegm-dampness constitution owned the highest correlation,followed by mild constitution,qi deficiency constitution,congested constitution,dampness-heat constitution.Compared with mild constitution,the OR(odds ratio)of gout in patients with yang-deficiency hyperuricemia was 0.26(95% CI: 0.07-0.94),and OR in patients with qi deficiency hyperuricemia was 0.65(95% CI: 0.13-2.25),OR of gout in patients with damp-heat constitution hyperuricemia was 3(95% CI: 0.65-13.89),OR of gout in patients with damp-heat hyperuricemia was 0.33(95% CI: 0.07-1.44).The odds ratio of gout in hyperuricemia patients with phlegm-dampness constitution was 11.33(95% CI: 2.36-54.51)compared with yang-deficiency patients,5.60(95% CI: 1.02-30.90)compared with Qideficiency patients and 9.00(95% CI: 1.60-50.70)compared with damp-heat constitution patients.The risk of gout in patients with yang deficiency was higher than mild constitution patients,while the risk of gout in patients with qi deficiency constitution,phlegm-damp constitution and damp-heat constitution was not statistically different.Patients with phlegm-damp constitution had a higher risk of gout compared with patients with yang-deficiency constitution,qi-deficiency constitution patients.A daily dietary survey of 95 patients suggested that the gout patients and asymptomatic hyperuricemia patients generally had the same dietary structure,and the intake of most of the purine-rich foods that might cause gout flares is little.Except for statistical differences in intakes of yogurt,fresh mushrooms,laver or kelp,and herbal tea,the other common food intakes were not statistically different.Among them,patients with gout had more herbal tea than asymptomatic hyperuricemia patients,and consumed less yogurt,fresh mushrooms,seaweed or kelp.ConclusionIn hyperuricemia patients,men are more likely to have gout than women,older people are more prone to gout,gout patients have less sleep time,less have a busy work,and smokers are more prone to gout than non-smokers.Otherwise,sleep habits,nature of work,exposure to toxic substances,home cooking methods,exercise conditions,and blood uric acid levels were not statistically different between gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia patients.In the terms of TCM constitution,patients with phlegm-damp constitution are more prone to gout.The interviewees had a good control of food intake that might cause increased blood uric acid level and gout flares.Patients with gout were more likely to have more herbal tea than asymptomatic hyperuricemia patients and consumed less yogurt,fresh mushrooms,seaweed or kelp.This conclusion needs further verifications due to sample size and other reasons. |
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