The Cross-Cultural Adaptation Of Perceptions Of Restraint Use Questionnaire And Its Application In Clinical Nurses

Objective: To translate the English version of Perceptions of Restraint Use Questionnaire(PRUQ)into Chinese version of Perceptions of Restraint Use Questionnaire(Ch-PRUQ)and assess the reliability and validity of Ch-PRUQ among Chinese clinical nurses.Using Ch-PRUQ to investigate nurses' perceptions about physical restraints and its influencing factors.MethodThis study includes two parts.The first part is “The cross-cultural adaptation of Perceptions of Restraint Use Questionnaire”,after obtaining the permission of cross-cultural adaptation PRUQ from Drs.Evans and Strumpf,the translation and adaptation of PRUQ was conducted using the following steps: forward translation,synthesis,back translation,the review by expert committee review,pre-tesst of pre-final version and validation of reliability and validity.Then the final Chinese version of PRUQ were developed(Ch-PRUQ).The Ch-PRUQ were assessed on a population of 294 nurses from one hospital in May 2017.Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS)version 21.0 software was used to analyze the quantitative data.The item analysis was performed by using extreme group test and homogeneity test.The validity was assessed using construct validity,content validity,convergent and divergent validity.The reliability of scale was evaluated using test-retest reliability,split-half reliability and internal consistency.A 5% level of significance was adopted.The second part is “The investigation on nurses' perceptions about and influential factors on the physical restraints use among older patients”,using the Ch-PRUQ to investigate nurse's perceptions about restraining older patients and its influencing factors.A multiple regression was performed by using gender,age,department,years of working experience,education,job title,qualification level,frequency of using physical restraint,education of physical restraint,number of older patients caring for every day and number of night shifts per month as independent variables,and using the mean score of PRUQ as dependent variables.Results1.In the process of cross-cultural adaptation,item 1a,8,9,10,11 were reformulated based on the differences between all translated version,the feedbacks given by the participants and the original author's explanation.In the pre-test,the Cronbach's alphas coefficient of Ch-PRUQ was 0.939,the correlation coefficients between item and scale were from 0.444 to 0.914,and P<0.05,these results showed Ch-PRUQ had good psychometric properties.The results of extreme group test showed the critical ratio(CR)>3.0,and P<0.0001;the correlation coefficients of item and scale ranged from 0.451 to0.745(P<0.0001).The the correlation coefficients and Cronbach's alphas coefficients that after item was deleted were 0.403-0.687 and 0.875-0.886;The results of communality test and factor loadings test were 0.298-0.514 and0.546-0.717,the scale content validity index(S-CVI)was 0.94.Three factors that were extracted using exploratory factor analysis explained 63.238% of variance.The Cronbach's alphas coefficients were 0.888 for total scale and0.878,0.916,0.813 for three factors.The Split-half reliability was 0.848.The test-retest reliability ranged from 0.732 from 0.918 for items;The coefficients of test-retest reliability were 0.956 for total scale and 0.978,0.914 and 0.832 for dimensions.2.The mean score of Ch-PRUQ which was used to assess nurse's perceptions about restraining older patients was 4.15±0.56.This shows that nurses tend to use physical restraints among older patients,and guaranteeing medical treatment and ensuring the safety of older patients are two important reasons for using physical restraints.In addition,the multiple regression analysis showed that education,numbers of older patients caring for every day,numbers of night shifts per month,education of physical restraint were the influencing factors of nurse's perceptions about physical restraints.Conclusion:The Ch-PRUQ has a good reliability and validity,which can be used as an effective tool to evaluate nurse's perceptions about physical restraint use on older patients.In this study,we analyzed nurses' perceptions and influencing factors on the use of physical restraints among older people by using PRUQ toprovide the basis for developing the educational intervention on minizing physical restraint...