Study Of The Development Tendency,Landscape Planning And Design Characteristics Of Botanic Gardens In The United Kingdom

With the rapid development of economy,global biodiversity is facing severe challenges in the 21st century.Tod ay,the function of botanic gardens is being re-examined,and a global network of botanic gardens is emerging.As of early 2019,the Botanic Gardens Conservation International has recorded 2,904 botanic gardens,the British Isles are located in the area with the highest density of botanic gardens.Today the british botanic garden is the center of the world botanic garden network and germplasm resources,Its development course is nearly 400 years,have important research value.At present,most of the researches on botanic gardens focus on individual cases or scientific research projects,and the overall research results on specific regional botanic gardens are relatively few.This paper takes the kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland as the research scope.According to the botanic garden directory of Botanic Gardens Conservation International,79 British botanic gardens were selected as subjects.The purpose of this paper is to make a holistic study of the development tendency and planning and design characteristics of British botanic gardens from a regional perspective.The research contents and conclusions are as follows:By studying and summarizing the domestic and foreign literature materials,the development stage of British botanic gardens is summarized into five periods:budding period(1621-1758),foundation period(1759-1840),leap period(1840-1945),precipitation period(1946-1986)and innovation period(1987-present).The historical background,development process,planning and design characteristics and spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the botanic garden in each stage are analyzed.The study found that the concept of British botanic garden experienced the transformation from "economic value--recreation value--ecological value".The development tendency shows the characteristics of diversification,compound and ecological,and gradually forms the overall pattern of "one park leads,multiple parks advance together".There was a significant and continuous positive correlation between the quantity change and time,the spatial distribution of botanic gardens in the UK is gradually averaging out.Try to classify and quantify the basic data of botanic garden.Using the qualitative and quantitative methods,combined with the field investigation of typical cases,the spatial layout,plant display and functional services of the British botanic garden were studied,to define the planning and design characteristics of the UK botanic garden.Firstly,the spatial layout of the British botanic garden can be divided into four types:natural landscape layout,architectural courtyard layout,regular layout and modern art layout,which tend to be diversified.Secondly,the plant display system of the UK botanic garden has developed and matured,including three parts:outdoor plant display based on ex-situ conservation,indoor plant display and in situ protected area plant display.Thirdly,this paper discusses the characteristics and methods of functional services of British botanic gardens from the aspects of ecological services,popular science education and recreation.Based on the research on the development tendency and planning and design characteristics of British botanic gardens,this paper provides theoretical basis and practical Suggestions for the subsequent construction and overall development of botanic gardens.