Impacting Factors Of Landslides And Farmers' Risk Perception In Hani Rice Terraces Heritage Core Area

Landslide is one of the major natural disasters that threatens human survival.It is also one of the main threats affecting the protection of world heritage sites.The spatial and temporal distribution of landslides,influencing factors and disaster prevention and mitigation are the hotspots of landslide research.Identifying the main factors of landslide occurrence and analyzing the residents' landslide risk perception and coping ways are the key to scientific implementation of disaster prevention and mitigation measures.Hani Rice Terraces is located in Honghe Prefecture of Yunnan Province,Southwestern China.It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its beautiful terraced landscape and historic traditional farming culture.The Ailao Mountain,where the Hani Rice Terraces is situated,is a high-risk area of geological disasters in Yunnan Province,and the landslide seriously endangers the integrity and authenticity of the terraced landscape.This paper took the core area of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces as study area.Based on the landslide data from the interpretation of multi-period remote sensing images and the field investigation,this paper analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution of landslides and influencing factors by Geodetector method,and studied the local farmers' landslide risk perception and response willingness for restoration and conservation through questionnaire survey.The main results are as follows:(1)There are differential aggregation in the spatio-temporal distribution of landslides(184,337 and 285)in the years of 2005,2009 and 2015.For the spatial distribution,the high-density areas of landslides are mainly in villages of Zhangpu,Yanpin and Tugouzhai,while the medium-density areas are in Duoyishu,Yibeishui and Zhangpu and the low-density areas are in Zhulu,Luopu and Xinjie.While for temporal dynamics,the proportion of high-density areas in the overall study area increased from 2.3% of 2005 to 8.3% of 2015,and the proportion of medium-density areas increased from 15.7% of 2005 to 27.9% of 2015,indicating that the risk of landslide in the heritage core area was increasing.Meanwhile,the high and medium density areas,on the scale of administrative villages,have increased in the eight villages of Duoyishu,Shuibulong,Zhapu,Baoshanzhai,Xinjie,Yiwanshui,Mengpin and Amengkong from 2005 to 2015.(2)The impact factor analysis based on the Geodetector shows that twenty factors of five natural and human classifications selected in this study have different contribution to landslide.Firstly,on the study area scale,the top three factors trigering landslides are rainfall(0.110),distance from roads(0.104),and hypsometric index(0.083).Secondly,at the four altitude scales,the maximum impact factor in the high altitude regions is land use(0.589),while the one in medium-high altitude regions is rainfall(0.131),and the ones in medium and low altitude regions are same as the stratum factor(0.176,0.368).Thirdly,the superimposed role of natural and human factors explained the landslides better than single factor,among which the combination of rainfall and distance from road is the largest factor couple(0.263)in the whole study area.However,it is different in different altitude scales.The combined factors play maximum role in the high-altitude area is the land use + distance from the road(0.902),in the mid-high altitude area is the hypsometric index + the distance from the rivers(0.354),in the mid-altitude area is the rainfall and the village existing years(0.416),and in the low-altitude area is the land use and stratum(0.541).(3)250 local farmers were interviewed with questionnaires in terms of landslide risk perception and response willingness.From the perspective of landslide risk perception,farmers generally have good knowledge of landslides(3.83),but their perception of prevention is relatively poor(2.87),and there is good communication level of famers(3.12),also they have high degree of trust in the landslide-related groups(3.56).For the perspective of the response willingness faced with landslide,the farmers generally have a positive attitude to repair the broken terraced landslide(3.63)and high willingness to protect the heritage(4.27).The differences in landslide risk perception and willingness to respond among the interviewed farmers are relative with the differences in gender,age,ethnicity,education level,and rice terraces area they own.Apart from these,farmers with landslide experience are with higher level in landslide cognition,prevention,trust,and heritage protection,while for those have no experience of landslides have higher level in risk information communication and the willingness for restoration.