| As one of the important land use methods in mountainous areas,terraced are of great significance to regional production development and food ecological security.However,with the development of society and people’s pursuit of high-quality life,terraced are weakened and abandoned frequently.At the same time,with the promotion of rural revitalization,tourism development and ecological construction,terraced are threatened and developed to some extent.Therefore,it is of great significance to pay attention to the development and change process of terraced landscapes in mountainous areas,effectively use terraced agriculture to promote the development of mountainous areas and revitalize rural vitality.Especially in the southwest mountainous area of China,where the mountainous area is large,the modernization development is highly restricted and the social and economic development is slow,it is of great significance to promote agricultural green development and economic reform in the whole mountainous area or ethnic areas by activating mountainous agriculture.Therefore,this paper attempts to analyze the land use of terraced agriculture in two ethnic villages in southwest mountainous areas on a long time series scale,clarify the characteristics of terraced agriculture before and after development,explore the development status and regional characteristics of terraced agriculture in these two mountainous areas from multiple perspectives such as landscape pattern and social ecology,and find the best way to use terraced agriculture through the comprehensive analysis of the development of terraced agriculture to promote the sustainable development of villages.This paper takes Xijiang Township and Jiabang Township in the minority mountainous area of Guizhou Province,Southeast China,as the main study area and obtains high-resolution remote sensing images for five periods: 1967,2003,2010,2015,and 2020 as the basic data for visual interpretation,and uses spatial analysis,mathematical statistics and ecological risk evaluation models were used to analyze and explore the development and utilization of the terraces in the research areas.The research results show that:(1)In the study area in the past 60 years,except for forest land,the main land use is mainly rice terraces,and the terraces have shrunk in the area overall over many years,but the changes are small,and the terraced landscape is relatively stable over a long period.Relatively speaking,the attitude toward terrace utilization activities in Xijiang Township is stronger than in Jiabang Township.At the same time,the terraces in both places show a trend that the planting range and intensity develop toward the higher elevation slope at the beginning of the study and contract at the end of the study.The spatial distribution of terraces in both areas has obvious directionality,with a "northeast-southwest" direction,and the directionality increases with time.Meanwhile,the centripetal force of terrace distribution in Xijiang Township is weakening,and the degree of dispersion is increasing,the centripetal force of terrace distribution in Jiabang Township is increasing,but the changes in both the direction of terrace utilization and the center of gravity are small.(2)From the perspective of land use,there are two stages of terraces development in the study area: the "production land-oriented stage"(1967-2003)and the "ecological-economic compound land-oriented stage"(2003-2020).Terraces in the two places are characterized by simple land use type transfer in the "production land-oriented stage," mainly the mutual transfer between woodland and terraces,with a strong transfer degree and a small transfer area with other land types.During this period,more types of land were transferred from the terraces than in,and cultivation of the steep slopes of the terraces in Xijiang Township was evident.In the "ecological-economic compound land-oriented stage," the area undergoing transfer changes decreases significantly,and the terraces lost in Xijiang Township are transferred to other types of land,in addition to the continuous transfer to forest land,especially in the later stage when the terraces are mainly transferred to rural residential land and land for transportation and commercial use,while the terraces lost in Jiabang Township are mainly changed to grassland,dry land or abandoned land.Moreover,the intensity of retreating the terraces in the area with a slope above 35° in Jiabang Township is stronger than that in Xijiang Township.The compound utilization of terraces in mountainous areas reveals that the relationship between people and land in some areas of Xijiang Township is tense,and the conflict between people and land is more prominent.(3)Macroscopically,the values of landscape fragmentation index,landscape shape index,and landscape heterogeneity index are found from the evolution of the terraced landscape pattern index,which reflect that the terraced landscape in the study area has deepened in fragmentation,increased landscape types and enhanced landscape heterogeneity from continuous and concentrated distribution in the early stage to fragmented distribution in the later stage.From the microscopic point of view,the field survey and image identification of terraces in the mountainous area revealed that there are three vertical composition types of terraced landscape in the study area,namely "forest-terraces-village-river," "forestvillage-terraces-river" and "forest-terraces-village-terraces-river." This vertical landscape,composed of four elements: forest,rice terraces,village,and river,is called the "four-element isomorphic" landscape type.The two types of "forest-village-terraces-river" and "forest-terraces-villageterraces-river" are more distributed in Jiabang Township,while Xijiang Township is mainly distributed "forest-terraces-village-river" and "forestvillage-terraces-river,” types.(4)Based on the research under the background of livelihood development in different villages,it is found that the changes of three kinds of four-element isomorphic terraced landscapes are different.Among the "forest-terraces-village-river" structures,the reduction in the scale of terraces and the transfer of landscape elements are most obvious in Jiabang Township,where the changes in mixed production of "main rice + auxiliary drought" are more concentrated in the context of traditional agricultural development.In the structure of "forest-village-terraces-river," the mixed rice cultivation pattern is remarkable,and this change is most prominent in the context of tourism development in the Jiabang Township.In the three development backgrounds of Xijiang Township,rice terraces all show the mixed development characteristics of "rice+dry corp+cash crop." The "forest-terraces-village-terraces-river" structure has the highest dependence on the rice terraces,which are mostly distributed in succession.The landscape of this structure is more strongly maintained in Jiabang Township.However,the terraces around the villages have a strong tendency to be commercialized and are most prominent in the tourism development context.(5)Based on the landscape ecological risk evaluation model,we know that the proportion of low-risk areas in Xijiang Township was the largest in 1967.The proportion of lower and medium-risk areas was the largest after 2003.The higher and high-risk areas expanded continuously by 12%and 7% from the early to the end,respectively.The distribution of higher and high-risk areas has obvious construction land pointing characteristics.In the long-term development,Jiabang Township has changed from a low and lower-risk area with a large proportion to a lower and medium-risk area.The spatial distribution of medium and high-risk areas has obvious strip characteristics,mainly along the Jiache River and the Dasui River.From the perspective of four-element isomorphism,most of the types of "forest-terraces-village-terraces-river" in the two places are in high-risk areas for a long time,and the degree of transformation with other risk levels is weak,and the landscape stability is high.In addition,the landscape types of "forest-terraces-village-river" in Xijiang Township and "forest-villageterraces-river" in Jiabang Township have strong stability and sustainability.MSPA landscape classification shows that the core area of the terraces landscape in the study area accounts for the largest proportion.The terraced landscape in the study area is divided into three categories based on the landscape connectivity index,in which the terraced landscape in the core area of Jiabang Township is mainly concentrated in the vicinity of Jiache and Baiping Village.In contrast,the core area of the terraces landscape in Xijiang Township is concentrated around Kaijue Village.(6)Based on the scale of the distribution range,geomorphic unit scale and cultural development scale,this paper compares terraces worldwide and the study area.It is found that the terraces in the world are constantly changing,and most of them are gradually abandoned with economic development,and the overall landscape and components of terraced areas are disintegrating faster.Although the rice terraces in the study area are also experiencing the threat of landscape destruction in the long-term development,they still maintain high-intensity farming,which benefits from the unique farming structure system in this area.In the process of the development and transformation of the terrace agricultural system from a "highly self-circulating composite system" to an "open composite system," it changes slowly due to the influence of social external driving force,but due to the constraint of the regional driving force,agricultural terrace system can still maintain high self-circulating characteristics. |
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