| Ecosystem services(ES)are the benefits obtained by human beings from natural ecosystems,and are the bridge and frontier hotspot in the study of human-land relationship.Actually,it is difficult to quantify the non-material cultural ES,especially the aesthetic services.Based on the visual spatial relationship and trajectory(sightlineflow)in the process of human-scene interaction,this paper takes the core area of Honghe Hani terrace world cultural landscape heritage with outstanding aesthetic value as the research object,guided by the evaluation framework of ES supply and demand flow mapping,analyzes the dependence of aesthetic services on visual spatial entities and sightline-flow movement conditions.According to the matrix or patch characteristics of the object(terraces and villages),the study determines the spatial relationship and interaction conditions between the object and the observer,constructs the corresponding evaluation framework to quantify and identify the potential supply area(SPA)and benefit area(SBA),superimposes the potential and actual spa and SBA in the core area,and puts forward the corresponding spatial optimization countermeasures.The main conclusions are as follows.First of all,terraces as the large-scale ecosystem or landscape component,when regarding them as its aesthetic object,the main aesthetic features of terraces include viewing angle,sunshine(light)conditions,and cloud shading and so on.1)The potential SPA(visible area)and SBA(beneficial area)of terrace fields are identified by the visual quantity calculation method of reverse sampling.The spatial differentiation characteristics are as follows.The high value of cumulative overlooking angle of terrace SBA is in the range of 240°～356°.The largest area of visible terrace fields is located in the Dongpu mountain area of the transitional zone between Bada and Duoyishu,and the highest value is in the cliff area adjacent to the terrace fields with a fluctuation of about 70°.On the contrary,the high SPA value area of terrace is concentrated on the east and west sides of Duoyishu and Bada area,in which Duoyishu is the highest,but Laohuzui has no high value distribution.2)The time series characteristics obtained from the sunshine analysis show that the terrace SPA(sunshine area)and SBA(the best viewing slope direction)are the best terraces at sunrise and sunset,followed by the Bada area(but the sunrise scenic spot is broken),and Laohuzui only has sunset viewing SBA near the viewing platform,so there is no potential for further development.3)The spatial differentiation and time series characteristics of radiation fog show that there is no potential for supply and benefit in the areas below altitude of 1500 m in the Bada and Duoyishu areas during the dense fog period from 4p.m.to 10:00 the next morning.However,the appearance of fog increases the mystery and viewing of the terrace fields.Secondly,because the village is not only a patch ecosystem with clear spatial boundaries,but also a component of the landscape of the whole heritage core area,it has SPA and SBA on the internal and external scales.(1)On the scale outside the village,that is,the spatial separation of SPA and SBA,they are connected by the viewing field.The visual field analysis of 82 villages shows that the high value SBA is located in Guishan area with high altitude and along the main traffic road,and the high value SPA is the high visual impact village with large area and visual area,such as Gaocheng Village,Malizhai Village,Duoyishu and so on.On the village scale,SPA and SBA overlap,and they are connected by roads.The analysis of the accessibility of the transportation network shows that the area with high aesthetic potential is the Bada area(10.01-13.46 min),the second is the Laohuzui area,and the worst is the Duoyishu area,in which Huangcaoling and other 18 villages have high accessibility.Based on the experts’ evaluation of the potential aesthetic service quality and influence elements,the results show that the quality of newly built villages and tourist villages is the highest,while that of fast-changing villages and traditional villages is the lowest.The characteristics of "manageability","consistency" and "visual scale" play a positive role while "interference" plays a negative role.Therefore,newly built villages and tourist villages have the highest potential aesthetic services,while fast-changing villages(such as Quanfuzhuang)are easy to bring poor aesthetic experience to tourists because of their high accessibility and low visual quality.This study analyzes the actual aesthetic service quality and spatial-temporal differences by the Flickr data.(1)Terraces are the main aesthetic objects in this region,with 1264 photos accounting for nearly 80% of the total.(2)The temporal and spatial distribution of actual AES in terraces is extremely uneven.Temporally,it was the highest in 2013,and concentrated in the fallow fields from January to May,with sunrise / sunset accounting for 17% of the total.Spatially,the actual SBA(photograph points)of terraces is the most widely distributed and covers the most in the Bada terrace area,followed by the southern part of the Duoyishu area,and finally the Laohuzui area only around the viewing platform.The actual high SPA of terrace fields is concentrated in the southeast of Duoyishu terraced area,followed by the western part of Bada area,and finally the sporadic Laohuzui area.(3)Only 12 villages in the study area provide actual AES,and AES on the scale outside the village is less than that within the village.On the scale of the village,the quality of the traditional village for Azhike is the highest.On the scale outside the village,the tourist village for Pugao laozhai has the highest quality,and its comprehensive score on two scales is also the highest.Finally,the spatial superposition analysis and mapping of the potential and actual aesthetic services in the whole region show that:(1)compared with the potential aesthetic service of the study area,its use intensity is very weak.There are only three observation platforms in the terrace fields,and the use intensity of which is relatively high,and the well-known Azhenke and Pugaolaozhai are the most popular villages.(2)Among the 9 potential SBA grades,the development of grade 8-9 is the most reasonable,because it involves the least land use types,the smallest area and the highest potential aesthetic value.(3)SBA of 8-9 Grade contains 7 land use types,mainly evergreen broad-leaved forest(accounting for 11.12% of the total area of non-terrace land),mainly distributed in Duoyishu area.Therefore,the development of Duoyihsu area is mainly based on the optimal grade,and Bada and Laohuzui can be appropriately expanded to level 7.(4)According to the coordinate display of crowdsourced data,moderately developing stable and frequently used dry fields as viewing platforms can meet the needs of people to view the fields at close range and avoid trampling on the ridges at the same time. |
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