Research On Harry Collins' Thought Of Scientific And Technological Decision-making

Harry Collins,a well-known British philosopher of science and technology and senior professor of sociology at Cardiff University,has formed a scientific and technological decision-making idea with expertise as the core through long-term professional research,field investigation and theoretical analysis on the basis of Sociology of science and knowledge.This is not only the deepening development of scientific debate research,but also has an important impact on scientific and technological decision-making itself in theory and practice.Scientific and technological decision-making is an important link to promote the combination of science and technology and social development.In the process of scientific and technological decision-making,what kind of knowledge members need to have,the role of experts in scientific and technological decision-making,the relationship between government,the public and experts in scientific and technological decision-making,and how to select experts are important factors affecting the quality of scientific and technological decision-making.This study attempts to explore what kind of expertise experts should have in the process of scientific and technological decision-making and how to select experts with such expertise to participate in decision-making from the perspective of Harry Collins' scientific and technological decision-making thought and imitating game testing mechanism.Based on this,this paper mainly consists of five parts.The first part is the introduction,which systematically combs the research results of domestic and foreign scholars on scientific and technological decision-making and Collins' scientific and technological decision-making thought.The focus of this study is on the knowledge system of Collins' scientific and technological decision-making thought,the operation and practical application of imitation game mechanism,etc.By using the methods of text interpretation and case study,this paper makes a thoroughanalysis of the knowledge and imitation game thinking contained in Collins' important works.I want to make a thorough study around the background,core concepts and expert selection mechanism of Collins' scientific and technological decision-making thought,try to clarify the development and evolution of Collins' scientific and technological decision-making thought and western scientific and technological decision-making thought,analyze the important characteristics of experts in the process of scientific and technological decision-making,and excavate its application value in current scientific and technological decision-making affairs.The second part is the first chapter,which systematically analyses the background of Collins' scientific and technological decision-making thought,mainly including social background and theoretical background.From the perspective of social background,the democratic tradition of British society,especially guiding the scientific community to participate in public affairs decision-making,has an important direct impact on the formation of Collins' scientific and technological decision-making ideas.The British scientific and technological decision-making mechanism attaches importance to expert opinions,making the decision-making process scientific and democratic,which promotes Collins scientific and technological decision-making to a certain extent from a practical point of view.The formation of thought.From the theoretical background,Collins' thought of scientific and technological decision-making has gradually developed and formed on the basis of the upsurge of scientific theory research,such as sociology of science and sociology of scientific knowledge,and under the framework of the third wave of scientific theory based on the study of expertise and experience.The third part is the second chapter,which deeply studies the knowledge classification and acquisition of Collins' scientific and technological decision-making thoughts.Collins' knowledge mainly includes four types.One is the universal knowledge,which can be called common sense to a certain extent.This is the knowledge or talent that every member of society must possess to meet the needs of life.It is mainly acquired through repeated learning and practice in daily life.Secondly,interactive expertise is knowledge that can be formed through language interaction without the need for comprehensive and in-depth practice in a particular culture.That is to say,all language comprehension abilities in a particular field can be acquired without actually participating in practical activities in a particular field.On the basis of universal expertise,members of society learn continuously by immersing themselves in a specific environment.Learn from.Thirdly,tacit knowledge,which is difficult todescribe in words,figures,formulas and charts,can only be expressed through practical actions;this knowledge is the only way for social members to grow from "novice" to "expert",mainly through continuous in-depth contact with experts and learning,observation,imitation and other ways.Fourthly,contributive expertise,which is a kind of expertise that can engage in specific scientific and technological research work,be familiar with the nature or core elements of scientific and technological issues,and make professional suggestions for the corresponding scientific and technological decision-making;on the basis of gaining general,interactive and tacit knowledge,members of society accumulate contributive expertise through field visits and personal learning and training.In Collins' scientific and technological decision-making thought,the expert group participating in decision-making should possess not only contributive expertise,but also interactive expertise.The fourth part is the third chapter,which mainly studies the expert selection mechanism in Collins' scientific and technological decision-making thought: imitation game.First,at the technical level of decision-making,experts are composed of core experts and unauthorized experts-groups of technical experts who have excelled in a particular field and experts with "local knowledge",i.e.those who do not receive degrees or official certifications from the public but have expertise through experience.Experts located at the core level and core group must have contributive expertise in a particular field,or have recognized contributive expertise in their own field.In addition,the key characteristics of core level and core group experts are not only contributive expertise,but also interactive expertise.This test of interactive expertise is mainly carried out through imitation games.Mr.Collins uses imitation games to explain the concept of interactive expertise and test whether experts have interactive expertise.This point can be proved in the case of GM food decision-making that interactive expertise contributes to public understanding of scientific and technological decision-making;in gravitational wave testing,it can be proved that even if only interactive expertise,it may be considered as an expert in a certain field.The fifth part is the conclusion,which mainly evaluates Collins' scientific and technological decision-making thought.The theoretical characteristics of Collins' scientific and technological decision-making thoughts mainly include two aspects:firstly,while affirming that experts must have contributive expertise,it is proposed that experts should have interactive expertise;secondly,in decision-making,there is an open,just,fair and mutual trust relationship among the government,experts and the public.The main limitation is that imitation games can only test experts withinteractive expertise,and can not dynamically understand the degree of mastery of an interactive expertise,so as to select experts who can participate in decision-making.Therefore,in order to give full play to the guiding role of Collins' scientific and technological decision-making thought in scientific and technological decision-making practice,we should improve it from three aspects.First,experts,the public and other groups attach importance to the accumulation of interactive expertise.In the process of scientific and technological decision-making,decision makers and groups with contributive expertise should strengthen cooperation to create channels for the public and other scientific researchers to disseminate interactive expertise.At the same time,on the basis of comprehensive think tanks,we should try to break the boundaries of disciplines and research fields,so as to make interactive expertise more extensive.Secondly,to optimize the implementation mechanism of imitation games,from the perspective of expert selection,imitation games need to introduce the role of "translation" between different scientific communities or groups in the testing process,and translate professional terms into a discourse system that is easy to be understood by members of other fields besides specialty.For the choice of players participating in imitation games,we should adhere to the technical personnel in the professional field.The proportion of scholars and other groups is appropriate.Thirdly,in the process of scientific and technological decision-making,we should create a decision-making atmosphere of "expert consultation-government release-public understanding".The relationship between experts,government and the public should be strengthened.The government should strengthen science popularization work and science popularization education so that the public has certain expertise.At the same time,the expert consultation system should be implemented in depth to avoid professional mismatch in the process of decision-making.The public should enhance their knowledge through various channels.In addition to improving their scientific research ability and the quality of scientific research achievements,experts should also be based on their own social responsibility and responsibility,and remain objective and neutral in the process of decision-making.So as to lay the foundation for improving the quality of scientific and technological decision-making.