Study On The Spatiotemporal Pattern Of Life Cycle Co₂ Emissions Of Shanghai's Infrastructure On Fine Spatial Scale

Facing to the severe global warming situation,reducing greenhouse gas has become the key area that draws the national governments'attention.As one of the largest developing countries in the world,China is now facing much more pressures than any other country.In this article,I would like to choose one of the largest cities in China-Shanghai,as the study area to do an in-depth study on the life cycle CO₂emissions of Shanghai infrastructure and its spatial-temporal change characteristics.The target is to help Shanghai reach sustainable development and may even go a step further to help the national government make the policy of ecological development,energy saving and CO₂ emissions reduction.First,the traditional theory of life cycle assessment has been extended to a spatial fine-scale based on the total understanding of it.Next,the embodied CO₂ emissions of infrastructure in Shanghai is calculated based on the vertical data of residential buildings and transportation department.Then a CO₂ emissions model has been established according to the energy consumption statistical data and nightlight data so as to calculate the operational CO₂ emissions of infrastructure in Shanghai.And finally,the spatial-temporal characteristics and spatial heterogeneity of Shanghai infrastructure's life cycle CO₂ emissions has been analyzed from three level:Shanghai-District-Geospatial Unit?1km×1km?.The main conclusions may include:?1?The embodied CO₂ emissions of Shanghai infrastructure increased from 20.52million tons in 1992 to 155.18 million tons in 2013.The embodied carbon emissions of residence department accounts for the most?98.29%?among the total four departments,followed by road?1.3%?,railway?0.15%?and subway?0.2%?.For residence department,the increase of population and the change of architecture from post and panel to concrete are the two main reasons which accelerate the embodied carbon emissions.For transportation department,though its increase amount is far smaller than residence department's,its increase rate is still high,which is mainly because of the construction of many roads and railways in this time period.On the other hand,the operational CO₂ emissions of Shanghai infrastructure increased from 9.33 million tons in 1992 to 87.78 million tons in 2013.transportation department's operational CO₂emissions increased from 3.38 to 54.86 million tons while residence department's increased from 15.94 to 32.92 million tons.The operational CO₂ emissions'increase rate obviously decreased during 2010 to 2013.On one hand,it was because the national and local government put strong efforts on implementing the policy of energy conservation and environmental protection.On the other hand,the energy change for human living also make the operational CO₂ emissions decrease.?2?Judging from the spatial-temporal pattern of Shanghai infrastructure's life cycle CO₂ emissions.Most of the geo-spatial units with high value of embodied CO₂emissions are located in the downtown area with some also scattered around the center area of every districts.Embodied carbon in transportation department shows a straddle spatial development trend with the high increase rate units mainly aggregate on the road with wide range such as Central,Outer-ring,the North-south Viaduct and Yanan Viaduct.The developing trend of residence department however shows a combination of sprawl and skipping.The fast growing regions include Songjiang new town,Fengxian new town and Jinqiao-Huamu-Zhangjiang region of Pudong new district.It can be also observed that there are scattered settlements with high increase rate of embodied carbon.For operational carbon,downtown area and the center area of suburbs holds a high absolute magnitude which also show a low increase rate while the area with high increase rate are mainly located in the junction area of downtown and suburbs.For transportation department,all area in Shanghai holds a high value of operational carbon which is mainly because of the increase of cars except the south part of Shanghai and Chongming district.For residence department,the ascent of human living standard increases the demand of energy.And on the other hand,the increase of household appliances type also require more electric power,which eventually increase the operational carbon emission of residence department.?3?Regarding from the spatial heterogeneity of Shanghai infrastructure's life cycle CO₂ emissions,huge amounts of embodied carbon mainly concentrated in downtown area such as Huangpu District,Yangpu District,Putuo District and Xuhui District in1992 while the surbubs such as Baoshan District,Minhang District and Songjian District show low carbon emissions.However,with the development of downtown area approaching to saturation,the construction of infrastructure rapidly extend to suburbs to apply to the increase population of Shanghai.Pudong New District shows a high increase rate and magnitude of embodied in both residence and transportation department while not all of the suburbs show high increase rate in embodied carbon such as Chongming District and Jinshan District.Before 2005,the embodied carbon of Shanghai's infrastructure shows a higher value in city center while a lower value in suburbs.After 2005,the increase rate of<10km area start to slow down while 10-20km area increase rapidly and became a new growth pole.Regarding the operational carbon,several suburbs district show a high increase rate such as Minhang District,Songjiang District and Jiading District,while the downtown area shows a low increase rate.This is because the population of city center is close to saturation while which in suburbs is still increase rapidly so as to stimulate the energy consumption of domestic living and increase the operational carbon emission.<10 km area holds the most carbon emissions in 1992,followed by 10-20km area.After 2000,the former's increase rate start to slow down while the carbon emission in 10-40km increase a lot.During 2010 to 2013,10-30km area still have a higher increase rate in operational carbon emission while<10km and>30km area shows a low increase rate.