Birds And Mammals Diversity?Distribution And Occupancy Modeling In Nonggang,Guangxi

Infrared camera technology is a newly developed monitoring method in recent years,and the site occupancy model is also a new theoretical model for investigating the density of wild animal populations,the combination of the them two shows a good result,the monitoring characteristics of the infrared camera has a high conformity with the requirements of the experimental scheme in the principle of the site occupancy model.From December 2016 to December 2017,we deployed 120 infrared cameras for 13 months to continuous monitoring in the Nonggang National Nature Reserve,density was 1 camera per square kilometer,covering the entire nature reserve.Through the monitoring network covering the entire nature reserve;comparing data differences between core area and edge area(experimental area)to assess the ecological environment and protection status;analyzing the distribution and occupancy rate of major mammal species to discuss the problems in the using infrared camera combined with site occupancy model to monitor;discussing the prospects for the future.The results are divided into the 3 parts:(1)According to the monitoring result: A total of 61 species of birds and mammals were detected in the Nonggang National Nature Reserve,including 21 species of mammals belong to 5 orders and 14 families,39 species of birds belong to 8 orders and 15 families.Containing 3 Class I state key protected animal(Macaca assamensis,Trachypithecus poliocephalus ssp.Leucocephalus and Trachypithecus francoisi)and 12 Class II state key protected animal including 5 mammals(Macaca arctoides,Macaca mulatta,Muntiacus muntjak,Capricornis milneedwardsii,Prionodon pardicolor)and 6 birds(Lophura nycthemera,Gallus gallus,Pitta soror,Pitta nympha,Psarisomus dalhousiae,Accipiter trivirgatus).(2)Area difference result showed: the mammal species in the core area was 1 more species than that in experimental area,it is white-headed langurs(RAI=0.01).The difference in birds was great,25 birds species were recorded in core area,8 of which were recorded separately(Hypsipetes madagascariensis,RAI=0.03;Luscinia sibilans,RAI=0.02;Tarsiger cyanurus,RAI=0.02;Zoothera dauma,RAI=0.01;Alcippe morrisonia,RAI=0.07;Bubo nipalensis,RAI=0.13;Turdus cardis,RAI=0.08;Psarisomus dalhousiae,RAI=0.005).26 birds species were recorded in core area,9 of which were recorded separately(Copsychus malabaricus,RAI=0.005;Stachyris striolata,RAI=0.005;Zoothera citrina,RAI=0.03;Cyornis hainanus,RAI=0.005;Harpactes erythrocephalus,RAI=0.07;Phaenicophaeus tristis,RAI=0.005;Turdus merula,RAI=0.01;Pomatorhinus hypoleucos,RAI=0.005;Trichastoma tickelli,RAI=0.01).The Shannon Wiener index of the total area,mammals and birds was lower than experimental,the uniformity index of the total core area,mammals and birds was lower than experimental as well,but the gap was not obvious,indicating that the status of reserve is good.The result of major mammals distribution showed,the 8 investigated species(Prionailurus bengalensis,Muntiacus muntjak,Herpestes urva,Macaca assamensis,Sus scrofa,Melogale moschata,Atherurus macrourus)were evenly distributing with records in each functional area of the 3 areas of the Nonggang reserve.The distribution of 3 important primates with few population was,the white-headed langurs were only recorded in the core area and buffer zone of longhu;the black langurs were only recorded in the core area and buffer of nonggang;the koalas were only recorded in buffer area of nonggang.(3)The occupancy rate of 8 major mammals showed: model used 4 sample covariates(SLO,ARE,DIS,ELE)and 1 detection covariate(SEA),naive site occupancy rate of Prionailurus bengalensis was ? = 0.59,model estimated was ? = 0.77,detection rate was p =0.29;naive site occupancy rate of Muntiacus muntjak was ? = 0.54,model estimated was ? = 0.52,detection rate was p = 0.54;naive site occupancy rate of Macaca mulatta was ? = 0.18,model estimated was ? = 0.47,detection rate was p = 0.12;naive site occupancy rate of Herpestes urva was ? =0.41,model estimated was ? = 0.54,detection rate was p = 0.26;naive site occupancy rate of Sus scrofa was ? = 0.26,model estimated was ? = 0.30,detection rate was p = 0.28;naive site occupancy rate of Macaca assamensis was ? = 0.28,model estimated was ? = 0.35,detection rate was p = 0.26;naive site occupancy rate of Melogale moschata was ? = 0.31,model estimated was ? = 0.51,detection rate was p = 0.20;naive site occupancy rate of Atherurus macrourus was ? = 0.55,model estimated was ? = 0.67,detection rate was p = 0.44.The result for species model weight showed: covariate ARE had a greater effect on Prionailurus bengalensis,Muntiacus muntjak,Atherurus macrourus,Melogale moschata than other covariates,ELE had a greater effect on Herpestes urva than other covariates,covariate ELE had a greater effect on Macaca mulatta,Macaca assamensis,Sus scrofa than other covariates.There was no obvious signs proved that SLO had a effect to species,indicating that species distribution was not limited by slope.