| Based on the evolutionary stability strategy,the biological evolution process can balance the advantages and disadvantages,and they can improve the fitness by avoiding harm.The social animals,including non-human primates,they have evolved rich and varied social behaviors,including aggressive behavior.In most social animal communities,due to the limited resources such as mate acquisition,food,and living space,this kind of behavior plays an extremely important role in the allocation of these limited resources.The energy consumption of different intensities is also different,and the aggression is no exception,the aggressive behavior is a key way to the stability of many social animals.The aggressive behavior of different intensities may cause different risk levels for the initiator and the receiver.However,in the process of evolution,is there a certain pattern of aggression in social animal community? If so,is there a difference between the age-sex groups and different groups?To explore these questions,during September 2016 to June 2017,taking the Taihangshan macaque(Macaca mulatta tcheliensis)as the research object in Wulongkou area,Jiyuan,Henan province(N 35 ° 12 '49 ";E 112 ° 41 '25').Using random sampling method and focal animal sampling method and combined with thewhole event recording,through the acquisition target group within the individual attack behavior between the initiator,the recipient,such as data,respectively,with respect to its attack mode of individual aggression mode,different groups,and social class structure and the relationship between attack and post-conflict behavior are analyzed and discussed.The main research contents and results are as follows:1.The aggression mode in Taihangshan macaquesFrom September 2016 to June 2017,taking the WLK-2 group of Taihangshan macaques as the research object in Wulongkou area,based on individual identification,using random sampling method and focal animal sampling method,and combined with the whole event recording,through the acquisition target group within the individual aggressive behavior between the initiator,the recipient,such as data,analysis of rhesus macaque aggressive types and aggressive mode.The results show that Taihangshan macaques: 1)The intensity of the aggressive behavior can be divided into five types,and the frequency of each type of occurrence shall be as follows: Replace(38.20%,77 times/10 hours),Seizing(22.13%,45 times/10 hours),Threaten(20.98%,43 times/10 hours),Chasing(9.81%,20 times/10 hours)and Bite(8.87%,18 times/10 hours).2)Based on the intensity of behavior,the aggressive behavior of the macaques in Taihangshan was classified as ritualized strategy and combative strategy.And in the target group,the ritualized aggressive behaviors(Replace and Threaten)(120 times/10 hours)is significantly higher than combative behaviors(Chasing,Seizing and Bite)(83 times/10 hours);3)The adult group(6-15 years old and > 15 years old)aggressive frequency is significantly higher than juvenile group(1-5 years old)one per unit time,and the elderly group(>15 years old)is significantly higher than other five groups(P < 0.05);4)From the type of aggressive,the adolescent group chooses the aggressive strategy,and the adult group chooses combative strategy.5)Between the adult individuals,besides the group of 'male-male ',for the rest of the aggression of three groups(male-female,female-female and female-female),the observations value between two individuals' aggression is significantly less than the theoretical value.The aggressive frequency from high to low per unit time in turn for ‘male to female'(17.96 times / conflict pairs/ 10 h * 30 d),female-female(17.49 times / conflict pairs/ 10 h * 30 d),male-male(13.16 times / conflict pairs / 10 h * 30 d)and male-female(8.13 times / conflict pairs/10 h * 30 d),and the four groups of conflict pairs of ritualized aggression and violent aggression in the ratio of more than 2,that means adult Taihangshan macaques adopt'ritualized strategy' during aggressive behavior.2.The influence of group size on the aggressive mode of Taihangshan macaquesFrom September 2016 to June 2017,I collected the date of aggressive behaviors among WLK-1 group(183 individuals)and WLK-2 group(64 individuals),both inhabiting Wulongkou scenic area,.By using random sampling method and focal animal sampling method and combined with the whole event recording,through the acquisition target group within the individual aggressive behavior between the initiator,the recipient and so on,and then analyze aggressive behaviors and aggressive mode of target groups.The results showed that: 1)There exists no significant difference(P = 0.002486)in WLK-1 group and WLK-2 group per unit time per ontogenesis aggressive frequency in different months,there was no significant difference between the two groups in October and May,The WLK-2group's aggressive frequency is significantly higher than the average individual aggressive behavior in WLK-1 group(P < 0.044);2)There was no significant difference in the frequency distribution pattern of WLK-1 group and WLK-2 group of five types aggressive behavior,namely that the group size did not significantly influence the aggressive mode.3)The ritualized aggressive behaviors of WLK-1group and WLK-2 group are significantly higher than that of combative behaviors,namely that the group level adopted the aggressive mode of 'ritualized strategy'.3.The influence of social hierarchy on the aggressive behavior and aggressive mode of Taihangshan macaquesFrom September 2016 to June 2017,I collected the aggressive behaviors date regarding the WLK-2 group as the research object which inhabiting Wulongkou scenic area,based on individual identification,by using random sampling method and the whole event recording method.Using 'David scoring method' to build the society level in the group of adult individuals of WLK-2,and then analyzing the influence of the social sequence on aggressive behaviors.The results showed that: 1)There exists strict hierarchy in WLK-2 group of Taihangshan macaques(h = 0.960),the dominance hierarchy of adult individual from high to low in turn is: DML > CM > HBW > DZ >BB > XB > SFE > AF > JL > XKA > DH > DD > HB > FT > BM > DY > DT > > >LED HL XDW > MT > XT > > of TB useful > DB > XMY > BZ > XM > XZ > JZ;2)There are significant positive correlation between the frequency of aggressive behaviors and the 'David score' of z-score conversion in adult unit time(P < 0.001),which was significantly negative correlation with social sequence(P < 0.001).3)There is no significant difference between young and old per unit time,however,adult male group(young + older)is significantly higher than adult female group(youth + older group)(P = 0.000112).4.Post-conflict behavior of Taihangshan macaquesFrom September 2016 to June 2017,regarding the WLK-2 group as the research object which inhabiting Wulongkou scenic area,based on the individual identification,using random sampling method and focal animal sampling method in combination with the whole event recording,and using the postconflict-matching control(PC-MC)to collect the conflict and postconflict data of adult individuals.The results showed that: 1)In the post-conflict behavior of Taihangshan macaques,the mutualattraction logarithm(67/124)is significantly higher than that of the mutually exclusive logarithm(40/124),and its reconciliation trend(CCT)is 21.8%;2)The postconflict friendly behavior of Taihangshan macaques was focused on the first 2min,and there was no significant difference between the observation period and the matched control period.3)The initiator of the post-conflict reconciliate behavior of the Taihangshan macaques is mainly the attacker,while the reconciliation object is mainly the third party who is not involved in the conflict. |
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