| Activity time budget and activity rhythm are two key important topics in animal behavior ecology.By studying these topics of animals,the survival strategies and the influence of ecological conditions on animal behavior could be understood deeply.Due to the limited resources,competition among individuals of social animals is inevitable to determine who has the priority to get access to resources.According to Evolutionarily Stable Strategy,social species such as rhesus macaque(Macaca mulatta)could evovle an effecient strategy for group stability and management based on agonistic bahvior,which could be formulated as agonistic mode.Facial expression is an important way to conduct social communication among non-human primates,which is beneficial to coordinate social interaction,enhance group cohesion and maintain individual social relations.In agonistic interaction,primates communicate with others through facial movement display,and the interpretation of the facial expression information of the initiator by the recipient of competition is crucial to the cessation or upgrading of competition.During October 2017 to September 2018,the research object was Taihangshan macaque(Macaca mulatta tcheliensis)in Wulongkou area,Jiyuan,Henan province(N 35° 12'49 ";E 112°41'25").Scan sampling method,focus animal sampling method,instantaneous recording method and continuous recording method were used through collecting individual daily activities within the target group behavior,agonistic behavior type,the receiver's response of the initiators of the behavior type,along with the agonistic behavior of facial movement characteristics of the data.The activity time budget,daily rhythm of agonistic behavior and its seasonal changes,pattern of agonistic behaviors including aggression behaviors and aggression response behaviors,and facial movement characteristics accompanied with agonistic behavior were investaged.The main research contents and results were as follows: 1.Activity time budget and activity rhythm of agonistic behavior in Taihangshan macaquesFrom October 2017 to September 2018,the research object was WLK-1A of Taihangshan macaque(M.m.tcheliensis)in Wulongkou area,activity type sampling was conducted by scanning sampling method,and data were recorded by instantaneous recording method.This paper mainly recorded the behavioral status of Taihangshan macaques and relevant data of gender-age group,then analyzed the activity time budget strategies in different months and seasons,as well as the daily rhythm change characteristics of agonistic behaviors in different seasons.The results showed that: 1)Each behavior type showed some fluctuation in different months,but resting,moving,Feeding and grooming were the main types.Among them,resting behavior showed a higher proportion in cold period(January 47.40 % and February 44.49 %)and hot period(June 40.48 % and July 40.94 %),grooming behavior showed a higher proportion in March to May(spring),September to November(autumn),and Feeding behavior showed a higher proportion in June(22.90 %),while moving behavior showed a more significant volatility,and agonistic behavior was a low frequency behavior;2)The resting behavior accounted for the highest proportion in winter(44.47 %),which was significantly different from that in spring,summer and autumn(all P < 0.01).The grooming behavior accounted for the highest in autumn(29.55 %),which was significantly different from spring,summer and winter(all P < 0.01).The feeding behavior accounted for the highest proportion in summer(15.59 %),which was very significant difference from autumn(P < 0.01),but no significant difference from winter and spring(all P > 0.05).The moving behavior accounted for the highest proportion in summer(21.95 %),which was very significant difference in autumn(P < 0.01),while was no significant difference winter and spring(all P > 0.05).The agonistic behavior accounted for the highest proportion in autumn(8.40 %),which very significantly different from that in spring,summer and winter(all P < 0.01).The others behavior accounted for the highest proportion in autumn(4.99 %),which was very significantly different from spring,summer and winter(all P < 0.01).3)In spring,the peak of agonistic behavior occurs from 15:30 to16:30;in summer,the peak of agonistic behavior occurs from 16:00 to 17:30;in autumn,the peak of agonistic behavior is from 17:00 to 17:30;in winter the peak of agonistic behavior occurs from 9:00 to 10:00.The peak period of agonistic behavior was consistent with the food provisioning in this area,indicating that food provisioning would increase the frequency of agonistic behavior within the group.2.The agonistic behavior of WLK-2 group in Taihangshan macaquesFrom October 2017 to September 2018,the research object was WLK-2 group of Taihangshan macaques as the research object in Wulongkou area,the agonistic behavior in target group was observed by focus animal sampling method,using continuous recording acquisition aggressive of initiator,and the recipient of the information such as sex-age group,then the aggressive response behavior of the recipient,analyzed aggressive behavior and response behavior strategies in WLK-2 group of Taihangshan macaques.The results showed that: 1)The standardized frequencies of 5 types of aggression in Taihangshan macaques(time / 10 h)from highest to lowest were threaten(87,39.01 %),seizing(55,24.66 %),displace(51,22.87 %),bite(20,8.97 %)and chasing(10,4.48 %).The standardized frequencies of 5 types of aggression response behaviors in Taihangshan macaques from highest to lowest(time / 10 h)were avoid(121,54.02 %),flee(60,26.79 %),tooth display(26,11.61 %),threaten(10,4.46 %)and fight back(7,3.13 %).2)The standardized frequencies of aggression behavior(time / individual / 10 h*30 d)in each age group of Taihangshan macaques from highest to lowest were adult group(5-15 years: 260),elderly group(> 15 years: 240),and juvenile group(2 years: 11;3 years: 58),subadult(4-5 years: 38)and infant(1 year: 10).The standardized frequencies of aggression response behavior(time / individual / 10 h / 30 d)in each age group of Taihangshan macaque from highest to lowest were the juvenile group(2 years :71;3 years: 161),the adult group(5-15 years: 146),the subadult group(4-5 years: 119),the elderly group(> 15year: 100)and the infant group(1 year: 81),indicating that adult individuals were the main initiators of aggression behavior,and the juvenile group was the most frequently attacked objects among the immatures.3)According to the intensity of aggression behaviors,agonistic strategy of Taihangshan macaques could beclassified as ritualized strategies(individuals principally adopting aggression behavior types of displace and threaten)and combative strategies(individuals principally adopting aggression behavior types of chasing,seizing and bite).The combative behavior taken by the immature was higher than the ritualized behavior,while the ritualized behavior taken by the adult was higher than the combative behavior.4)There was no significant difference in the distribution characteristics of various types of aggression between the immature groups(1 year,2 years,3 years and 4-5 years)(P > 0.05)or the adult groups(6-15 years old,> 16 years old)(P > 0.05),but there was significant difference between the adult groups and the immature group(all P < 0.05).There was no significant difference in the distribution characteristics of each type of aggression response behaviors among different age groups(all P > 0.05),indicating that all individuals' response behaviors showed no escalation of agonistic.5)The standardized frequencies(times / aggressive pairs / 10 h * 30 d)of aggression behavior among adult Taihangshan macaques aggression from highest to lowest were: male-male(27.33),the malefemale(17.34),the female-male(9.65)and female-female(9.60),while the standardized frequencies of aggression behavior in male-male group was slightly higher than that of the male-female group butsignificantly higher than that of male-female group(P < 0.05)and female-female group(P < 0.05),suggesting that initiator of aggression behavior among adult individuals was dominated by adult males.3.Facial expression accompanied with agonistic behavior in Taihangshan macaquesFrom October 2017 to September 2018,taking the WLK-1A andWLK-2 group as the research object in Wulongkou area,focus animal sampling method was used to observe the changes in facial action units based on facial action coding system of both sides of aggression behavior,and continuous recording method was used to record relevant data;meanwhile,video / facial photos were taken to analyze the facial expression accompanied with agonistic behavior.Results showed that: 1)When aggression occurred,the initiator's facial expression of displace behavior mainly invovled the lid tightener(AU7),the initiator's facial expression of threaten behavior dominated by brow raiser(AU1+2),lid tightener(AU7),jaw drop(AU26),and ear flattener(EAU3),while facial expression of other aggression behaviors including chasing,seizing and bite principally invovled ear flattener(EAU3),brow raiser(AU1 + 2),and jaw drop(AU26);2)When aggression response behavior occurred,the initiator 's facial expression of the avoid behavior was mainly upper lid raiser(AU5),lips parted(AU25)and lip corner puller(AU12)for tooth display behavior,brow lowerer(AU4),lips parted(AU25)and lip corner puller(AU12)for flee behavior,and brow raiser(AU1 + 2),lid tightener(AU7),jaw drop(AU26)and ear flattener(EAU3)for threaten and fight back behavior;3)there were 6 types of facial expression based on the various combinations of facial action units for the initiator of threaten behavior,including brow raiser(AU1 + 2)(2.82 %),jaw drop(AU26)(80.24 %),brow raiser and ear flattener(AU1 + 2 & EAU3)(0.81 %),jaw drop and brow raiser(AU26 & AU1 + 2)(3.63 %),jaw drop and ear flattener(AU26 & EAU3)(3.63 %),and brow raiser,jaw drop and ear flattener(AU1 + 2 & AU26 & EAU3)(8.87 %);moreover,there were significant differences in these 6 types of threaten behavior(P < 0.01),and proportion ofjaw drop(AU26)was significantly higher than that of the other 5 types(all P < 0.01). |
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