Illegal And Reasonable—the Study Of The Regulations Of The County And County In The Qing Dynasty

Customary fees is an inherent aeipathia of the ancient Chinese social and bureaucracy, which caused a great deal of harm for the running of dynasties. Of ancient China’s all feudal dynasties, the last one Qing dynasty’s customary fees issues are also quite prominent during the whole dynasty, which, to some extents, account for the collapse of feudal dynasty. For several decades such issues drew much attentions in research circles and at the same time produce quite a lot treaties and valuable books, of which most scholars pay attention on the interior of Qing dynasty Government, such like fiscal taxes, etc. All these researches are mostly investigated from the perspectives of macro-issues, yet the point from a microscopic to research the customary fees are rather few.This paper aims to analysis customary fees of the Qing dynasty as a staring point to probe into the real deep reasons behind all these phenomenon, and tries to dissect the whole officialdom of ecological problems in the Qing dynasty. State as a basic unit is ancient China’s grass-roots of government organizations since the system of state-country implementation has been practiced for thousands years, so it is necessary to analysis such issues form the angle of state-country system and to illustrate the hidden conflict within such issues. Customary fees, as for its diversified levels, we can divide it into Department fees, transport of fees, County of customary fees, and so on. Department fees are mainly existed in the Central Departments in the Qing Dynasty, which used for smooth handling official business, government and officials at various levels on a regular basis or for special case to the central department officials to make up for the additional costs. From this point we can probably found out that the central part of customary fees is, in fact, mainly practiced in the level of the state, therefore, this paper tries to study on the customary fees as a starting point to look at the whole phenomena of customary fees in Qing dynasty no matter what kinds of customary fees form, which is ultimately came from the practices of this grass-roots. As for several styles of customary fees, the author defined as:First, County officer, Scribe, Runners, Long-term follower, whose can take the advantage of such power to get wealth. Second, the state officer offer to his superiors, including Scribes feeds to the state officer.The structure of this paper is divided into five parts to discuss the issue of County of customary fees:Firstly begin with the introduction of research background, and then give a detailed explanation of customary fees and define the concept from certain perspectives and probe into the real reasons of customary fees and the evolution of the types of customary fees. Next pay attention on the local State Department of County government organizations, as well as State organizations run by the County Government and defines the meaning of counties objectionable practices. In the next parts the research focuses on local county officers and customary fees, primarily from the State magistrate and customary fees, Scribe and customary fees and give abundant evidences upon three aspects discussed above. And then focuses on the existence of corrupt rules counties under that of social environment. As for the dissect of the Fiscal tax system of the Qing dynasty, the official pension system, and social atmosphere at that time also focuses on three aspects to discuss such issue. Finally, based on what analysis above this essay lead to a summary and provide with some suggestions.