| People fail to go to bed(not go to sleep)at the intended time,with no external factors preventing them from doing so.This problem has been recognized as a new area of procrastination-"bed time procrastination"(BTP)-which has been found to be related to sleep deficiency and daytime fatigue.The present study proposes a similar concept,"sleep time procrastination"(STP),and defines it as the problem thatoccurs when people fail to attempt to fall asleep at the intended time.The aims of the present study are to(a)demonstrate that STP can offer a better reflection of sleep onset and is more appropriate for predicting certain sleep outcomes than BTP;(b)establish a structural model of STP to examine why people procrastinate at sleep time based on a psychological/physiological model of insomnia,and(c)investigate the possible subtypes of STP,and the different mechanisms of different subtypes as well.The present study consists of one qualitative study and three quantitative studies.First,since STP is a newly developed concept,a semi-structured interview was previously conducted based on grounded theory explored several characteristics of STP and revealed the following results:(1)Manifestations of STP include interacting with electronic devices(e.g.smart phone)and engaging in creative activities(e.g.writing);(2)Psychological?behavioral?and physiological factors are showed to be the predictors of STP;(3)There may be active and passive subtypes of STP.Then study 2 completely repeated the procedure of the previous research and then aimed to prove that BTP and STP are two similar but different concepts,with the latter being more appropriate for predicting certain sleep outcomes.Results of study 2 showed that STP could significantly predict experienced sleep deficiency and daytime fatigue,and none significant effects of bed time procrastination were found.Given no effects of STP and bed time procrastination on sleep duration were found,study 3 was subsequently conducted to compensate for this limitation by applying a sleep log to assess sleep outcomes more precisely.Study 3 found that STP and BTP can both predict sleep duration and daytime fatigue,but the former can explain more variance on sleep outcomes.After proving the superiority of STP,study 4 first tried to(a)determine why some people prefer to stay awake rather than attempt to fall asleep at sleep time and(b)classify STP into different subtypes.Results of study 3 showed that:(1)It was proven that psychological factors(dysfunctional sleep cognition and emotional arousal)and behavioral factors(temptation resistance)determine students,state of procrastinating or attempting to fall asleep through circadian rhythms;(2)STP can predict sleep duration,daytime fatigue directly and indirect predict sleep quality through daytime fatigue;(3)There are active and passive subtypes of STP according to whether people are willing to follow their sleeping schedule and sleep as they intended;(4)Psychological factors were more strongly related to active STP and behavioral factors were more closely related to passive STP.In addition,passive STP was found to be a more negative type because it can influence more sleep outcomes than the active type. |
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