Analysis On The Impartiality In Yunnan's Economy By Central Government Of China During The Former Of Qing Dynasty

Yunnan is located in the border of China with diversified ethnic groups. To some extent, the remote mountainous areas have given rise to inconvenient transportation. Therefore, there is a long-existed big gap in economic and social development between Yunnan and the central parts of China. It is because of the features mentioned above that Yunnan has some special affairs to deal with which other inland provinces of China do not have, such as border defense, border affairs and affairs regarding ethnic groups including those of Tusi. The central government has adopted different ways of governing compared with other inland provinces.Under this context,governors of the Qing Dynasty have mostly ruled Yunnan by taking it into the governing system of the state. In the meantime, a series of economic governance policies has been adopted according to its specific political, economic,cultural and geographical features. The article presented the historical data of the central government's economic governance to Yunnan in the early Qing Dynasty with a historical background. By taking the historical data as evidence, the article conducted a further study on policy differences and historical influence in such areas as taxation, wasteland opening-up by garrison troops or peasants, taxation of Tusi,differences between Han and other ethnic groups, economic comparison between Yunnan and the central parts of China. And, based on exchange of rights and obligations between the state and the individuals, an investigation on the impartiality of economic policies was conducted from perspectives of institutional demand,supply and implementation.Owing to the differences of economic governance patterns taken by central government to prefectures & counties and ethnic areas, the detailed analysis is divided into two layers. First, analysis on the impartiality of economic governance on residents of prefectures & counties. The key point is to investigate on the balance of rights and obligations between the central government and residents of prefectures &counties, and evaluate the impartiality via central government's performance in organizing and recovering the development of social productivity, formulating and implementing tax policies, creating social environment for economic development,and promoting social equality and justice. Second,analysis on the impartiality of economic governance of central government to Tusi and its governed residents. The analysis method is generally similar to that of the prefectures & counties. The key point is to investigate the balance of rights and obligations between the central government and residents of Tusi, and between Tusi and its governed residents, and,at the same time,make a fair evaluation to economic governance policies of central government by comparing the economic and social development of ethnic areas before the bureaucratization of native officers and after.Based on the analysis above, it is concluded that the economic policies by central government is impartiality in the overall context, for example, the synchronicity of the national economic management between Yunnan and the central parts of China in Qing dynasty was enhanced; the policies such as exemption of taxes,regular poll taxes, combination of poll tax and land tax were simultaneously implemented; the termination of Tuntian and Zhuangtian system and exemption of taxes and levy,which stimulated the initiative of farmers and brought many benefits to them; after the combination of poll tax and land tax, a mount of labor forces were running free; the economy integration of Yunnan minority area has accelerated by bureaucratization of native officers which weaken the influence of Tusi system to taxes and corvee. Therefore we can say that it is "impartiality in the overall context"because on the one hand, the economic policy and management to Yunnan by the central government is effective and integrated,on the other hand,the development of social and economy is progressing with the institutional arrangement in economy and harmony between the productive forces and relations of production in Yunnan. On the contrary,these situations also exists such as in the process of actual execution, rulers of Tuntian and Zhuangtian systems contended with people for profits; numerous taxes and corvee are burden to residents of Tusi before and after the bureaucratization of native officers; some preferential policies to ethnic minorities also focus on the people from upper class; some normal benefits of residents were sacrificed for win the unity and stability in this border region. We should profoundly summarize and rethink these precious experiences and lessons from history and take history as an important mirror to support our development in the future.