| ObjectiveTo investigate the association between air pollution(i.e.,particulate matter(PM10),fine particulate matter(PM2.5),sulfur dioxide(SO2),nitrogen dioxide(NO2),carbon monoxide(CO)and ozone(O3))and upper respiratory tract infection(URTI)in children aged 0-14 years in Hefei,China during 2014-2015,and explore sensitive people.Methods1.The date of birth,age,sex,and International Classification of Diseases 10 th Revision(ICD-10)diagnostic codes of children aged 0-14 years,were collected from one children's hospital in Hefei City during 2014-2015.Children were divided into different subgroups according to their sex and age:(1)male and female;(2)0-4,5-9 and 10-14 years old.Air pollution daily data were provided by Hefei Environmental Monitoring Station,which included measurements of 24-hour PM10,PM2.5,SO2,NO2,CO and 1-hour O3 during 2014-2015.Daily meteorological data,including daily average temperature(°C),daily average barometric pressure(hpa),daily average relative humidity(%),wind speed(m/s)and precipitation(mm)during 2014-2015 were obtained from Hefei Meteorological Bureau.2.Generalized additive model(GAM)was used to evaluate the association between daily changes in PM10,PM2.5,SO2,NO2,CO and O3 and daily outpatients of children aged 0-14 years with URTI during 2014-2015,after controlling the confounding effects of long term trends,seasonality,day of the week,public holiday and meteorological factors.Results1.In the single-pollutant models,PM10,PM2.5,SO2,NO2 and CO had significantly positive effects on children total URTI daily outpatients(P<0.05).The lagged effects for PM10 at lag3,PM2.5,SO2,NO2 and CO at lag06 showed the most significant influence,respectively.The ERs(Excess risks)(95% Confidence intervals,95%CIs)of URTI daily outpatients with 10 ?g/m3 increasing in concentrations of PM10,PM2.5,SO2,NO2 and CO were 0.15%(0.07%~0.23%),0.38%(0.17%~0.60%),2.92%(1.88%~3.97%),4.47%(3.69%~5.25%)and 0.05%(0.02%~0.08%),respectively.In the full-pollutant models,after adjusting for other air pollutants,only NO2 remained significantly positive and ERs(95%CIs)were 4.72%(3.76%~5.69%)and 4.70%(3.76%~5.65%)with 10 ?g/m3 increasing in NO2 in Model 1(including PM10,SO2,NO2,O3 and CO)and Model 2(including PM2.5,SO2,NO2,O3 and CO),respectively.2.In this study,the lagged effects for PM10,PM2.5,SO2,NO2,O3 and CO were stronger for female children than for male.The ERs(95%CIs)of male children URTI daily outpatients with 10 ?g/m3 increasing in concentrations of PM10,PM2.5,SO2,NO2,O3 and CO were 0.14%(0.03%~0.24%)? 0.29%(0.02%~0.57%)? 2.46%(1.13%~3.82%)? 4.32%(3.32%~5.33%)?0.02%(-0.22%~0.26%)?0.05%(0.02%~0.08%),respectively.The ERs(95%CIs)of female children URTI daily outpatients were 0.17%(0.05%~0.30%)?0.53%(0.19%~0.87%)? 3.69%(2.04%~5.37%)? 4.67%(3.45%~5.90%)?0.22%(-0.07%~0.52%)?0.06%(0.01%~0.10%),respectively.3.In this study,the lagged effects for PM10,PM2.5,SO2,NO2,O3 and CO were stronger for children over 5 years of age than for children under 5 years of age.Conclusion1.This study further identified that short-term exposure to air pollution has associated with increased risk of children URTI daily outpatients aged 0-14 years in Hefei.NO2 was the major air pollutant affecting daily outpatients of children URTI in the study.2.The lagged effects for PM10,PM2.5,SO2,NO2,O3 and CO were stronger for female children than for male.3.The lagged effects for PM10,PM2.5,SO2,NO2,O3 and CO were stronger for children over 5 years of age than those under 5 years of age.ObjectiveTo explore the effect of air pollutants on children's lung function and its development during 2015-2016,and to provide theoretical basis for controlling air pollution and protecting children' s lung function development,and to formulate corresponding prevention and control measures.MethodsBaohe District and Yaohai District in Hefei were selected as national monitoring stations according to the national monitoring project of the effect of air pollution on human health.The concentrations of PM10,PM2.5,SO2,NO2,O3 and CO environmental monitoring stations in Yaohai district were higher than those in Baohe district.Therefore,Baohe district was choosen for the clean area,and Yaohai district for the pollution area.One primary school was randomly selected in each district.Children in third grade were choosen as the subjects using randomized group sampling method,then questionnaires and lung function tests were carried out,and lung function tests were carried out one time a year in 2015 and 2016.Results1.245 and 234 children were included in Baohe district and Yaohai district,and a total of 240 and 230 children completed the two-year lung function tests and questionnaires,respectively.The number of effective responders were 236 and 227 excluded those who suffered from allergic rhinitis,pneumonia,asthma,tracheitis or bronchitis and those who had lived for less than 2 years.Effective response rates were 96.33% and 97.01%,respectively.2.In 2015,the measured values of MMEF and FEF75 of male children in Yaohai district were significantly lower than those in Baohe district(t = 2.473,P = 0.014;t = 2.407,P = 0.017).In 2016,the FEF25 of male children in Yaohai district was significantly lower than that in Baohe district(t = 2.231,P = 0.027);FVC of female children in Yaohai district was significantly higher than that in Baohe district(t =-2.424,P = 0.016),and PEF and FEF25 were significantly lower than those in Baohe district(t = 3.937,P = 0.000;t = 4.298,P = 0.000).3.In 2015,the predictive value of MMEF of male children in Yaohai district was significantly lower than those in Baohe district after adjusted for age,height and weight.In 2016,FVC,FEV1,MMEF and FEF75 of male children were lower than those in Baohe district.Suggesting that air pollution may cause a decline in lung function in children.4.The increasement of lung function index in children in Yaohai district was lower than that in Baohe district,which indicated that air pollution could affect the growth and development of children's lung function.In addition,in addition to FVC of male children in Yaohai district and Baohe district,and FEV1 in Baohe district was higher than female children,the rest of the lung function index were higher than male children,may be female children developed earlier in puberty stage.5.After controlling the various influencing factors,Air pollution exposure had significant effects on FVC,PEF,MMEF and FEF25 in children(P <0.05).And the abnormal rates of PEF and FEF25 in children in Yaohai district was significantly higher than that in Baohe District(OR = 2.809,P <0.05;OR = 3.052,P <0.05).Conclusion1.The PEF,MMEF,FEF25 and FEF75 in Yaohai district of Hefei were lower than those in Baohe district,suggesting that the decrease of lung function of children may be related to air pollution.2.The increasement of lung function index of children in Yaohai district was lower than that in Baohe district,which indicated that air pollution may affect the growth and development of children's lung function.3.Air pollution may be a risk factor for the abnormal rate of lung function index of children. |
PDF Full Text Request