Effects Of Tillage And Sowing And Straw Returning Methods On Soil Physical And Chemical Properties And Yield Formation Of Winter Wheat In Lime Concretionblack Soil

In order to ascertain the lime concretion black soil farmland suitability of tillage and seeding technology pattern,improve soil physicochemical properties,enhance soil fertility and moisture storage capacity,further increasing the grain yield of winter wheat,a experiment on 4 kinds of tillage methods(deep tillage with all straw returning,deep tillage with no straw returning,rotary tillage with all straw returning,rotary tillage with no straw returning)and 3 kinds of sowing methods(wide belt planting,drilling planting,broadcast sowing)was been set under field conditions in the Shangshui County State Fourteen Farm of Henan province in 2013-2015.We mainly studied the effects of tillage and planting and straw returning methods on soil physical and chemical properties and yield formation of winter wheat in lime concretion black soil,the main results are as follows:1?Compare with the rotary tillage treatment,deep tillage can reduce the 0~40 cm soil bulk density,increase the soil moisture content in the cultivation layer.The total water consumption amount,soil water consumption amount and the RST of deep tillage with straw returning(DT+AS)was significantly lower than that of rotary tillage with no straw returning treatment(RT+NS),the decline reached 9.45%,50.81% and 45.65% respectively;but the RRT and RPT were significantly higher than those of other treatments,the increase was6.62%~10.44%.Therefore,deep tillage + straw returning treatment can enhance the winter wheat utilization of natural rainfall and irrigation,reduce the consumption of soil water storage;rotary tillage although can improve the consumption of winter wheat on soil water storage,but is not conducive to the full use of precipitation and irrigation amount of winter wheat in the south of Henan Province lime concretion black soil raining area.2?During the winter wheat growing period,soil catalase activity showed a rise in the winter period to flowering period,decline in maturity period.In the 0~40 cm soil layer,the catalase activity was not significantly different between each treatments in jointing stage and the mature stage.In 0~20 cm soil layer,the activity of soil invertase in each treatment was basically performanced the trend of RT+AS> DT+AS > DT+NS >RT+NS,in the 20~40 cm soil layer,the activity of invertase in winter wheat growing period increased from winter to jointing stage and then decreased.The soil urease activity in the whole growth period ofwinter wheat was the lowest during the winter in the 0~20cm soil layer,and then it rose and reached the highest in the flowering period,subsequent reduction,the urease activity in the mature stage was slightly higher than that in the winter stage.In 20~40 cm soil layer,the urease activity of DT+AS treatment was significantly higher than other treatments during the winter stage,at the jointing stage was significantly higher than that of DT+NS and RT+NS treatment.During the growing period of winter wheat,the soil phosphatase activity in the soil layer of 0~20 cm showed a steady rise.The overall performance of alkaline phosphatase in different treatments was DT+AS>RT+AS>DT+NS>RT+NS.3? The LAI of winter wheat leaves at booting stage to jointing stage under different tillage and planting had been decreased.During this period,under the same tillage conditions,the LAI value of winter wheat leaves in different sowing ways were all expressed as wide belt planting> drilling planting> broadcast sowing.Compared with NS treatment without applying straw,winter wheat leaf LAI value is higher in drilling and wide belt planting under AS processing.The SPAD value of leaves in the same planting pattern expressed as DT+AS>RT+AS>DT+NS>RT+NS in the two stages.The canopy photosynthetically active radiation PAR light interception rate from booting to filling stage has been a downward trend in the main growth stages of winter wheat under different tillage and sowing treatments.The tillage method was superior to the straw returning in the photosynthetic effective radiation interception rate of wheat canopy.Under the same tillage method,the PAR capture rate of the three sowing methods performance as wide belt planting> drilling planting> broadcast sowing,the DT+AS+ wide belt planting processing has the highest light energy utilization rate of grain and dry matter energy utilization rate,respectively as 0.695% and 1.856%.4?With the development of the growth period,dry matter accumulation of winter wheat and the accumulation rate increased.The proportion of dry matter distribution in the mature stage of winter wheat under different methods was in the size order for grain > stem > grain husk> glume > leaf sheath > leaf,the distribution of dry matter proportion of grain dry matter under DT+AS+ wide belt planting treatment was the largest one.Deep tillage with straw returning can promote the transport of dry matter in different winter wheat vegetative organs before flowering,transfer amount of vegetative organs showed greater under wide belt planting Under the same tillage method,the nitrogen translocation amount and nitrogen translocation rate of vegetative organs in different sowing methods were all shown as wide belt planting> drilling planting> broadcast sowing,the vegetative storage nitrogen translocation rate is the lowest in RT+NS+ broadcast sowing.DT+AS+ wide belt planting processing has the highest contribution rate of nitrogen translocation from vegetative organs to grain nitrogen.DT+AS+ wide belt sowing treatment has the highest 1000-grain weight,itsgrain yield was also the highest in all treatments,respectively higher 23.9% and 23.5% than the lowest yield RT+NS+ broadcast sowing and the local long-term planting habit RT+NS+drilling planting.These results indicate that,compared with the winter wheat season conventional tillage rotary tillage,deep plowing can break the heavy plough pan of lime concretion black soil,significantly reducing the soil bulk density in 10~30 cm soil layer,increasing soil water content and water use efficiency;compared with no straw returning treatment,application of straw can increase soil nutrient content,further increase 0~40cm soil enzyme activity,promote the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen transport in vegetative organs of winter wheat,significantly improve the grain yield of wheat;wide belt planting can enhance light energy utilization and the absorption and utilization of nitrogen in the soil of winter wheat,has important effect on increasing grain yield.Deep tillage with straw returning and wide belt sowing treatment has the most obvious increase effect in all treatments,can be used as the suitable cultivation mode for Yellow River and Huai river lime concretion black soil wheat area.