Effects Of Different Cultivation Management Pattern Of Soil Physical And Chemical Properties In Wheat Field And Yield Of Winter Wheat

For the current farmland area decreased and increasing demand for food,there are many problems on wheat cultivation management,such as management is not standardized,incomplete technology,regardless of the cost,there is an urgent need to create a viable mode of cultivation and management in wheat production,to achieve the goal of wheat high yield,high quality,efficient and safe.Therefore,this experiment set in high-yield field of Wen Xian,Henan province,in2013-2015.The materials is Yumai 49-198,mult-spike cultivar,set four types of planting management: Farmers Planting Cultivation mode,(FP),Low-cost and High-efficiency cultivation and management(HE),Super high yield cultivation mode(SH),High yield and high efficiency cultivation and management mode(HH).And Establish two additional same test in Guo Ying farm of Shangshui,Ji Bo farm of Kaifeng,Henan province,during 2014-2015 growing seasons,to measure the characteristics of soil bulk density,soil aggregates and soil microorganism etc.1 the effects of different cultivation models on winter wheat material productionDry matter accumulation of each period reacts wheat growth conditions in each period,Dry matter accumulation of each period reacts wheat growth conditions in each period,on this experimental conditions,by measure the different periods of dry matter accumulation,the results showed that during winter and returning green,super high yielding fertilizer,wheat growth developed rapidly,but over time,farmers always fertilize once,wheat undernutrition,resulting in less wheat dry matter accumulation,Jointing stage of fertilizer,optimization of fertilizer rate and ratio,made the optimization of cultivation and management model dry matter accumulation increased rapidly due to the section of the small amount of fertilizer than other optimized cultivation patterns,resulting in a relatively low amount of accumulation,and super high yield high fertilizer cultivation and management mode,the amount of dry matter accumulation is maximum.This study showed that,compared with FP,Optimizated cultivation and management model improved production mainly because of the differences in the number of spikes and spike,super high yield and High yield and high efficiencycultivation and management mode as commonly used in the cultivation and management mode,had more spikes and more grain number,and the final yield was significantly increased.Different cultivation management pattern on economic indicators of wheat,four kinds of management pattern HH pure-effective,and farmers used,abridged efficient,ultra-high yield compared with high yield and efficiency can be significantly improved net benefit and output ratio,net benefits increased by50.8 %,19.8%,1.6%;increase output ratio were 43.5%,14.1%,3.5%.This shows that the HH mode while maintaining high production conditions to reduce input costs and improve the economic and ecological benefits.Wherefore,while super high yield ensured adequate supply and distribution ratio of assimilation at floret stage,but put more resources;High yield and high efficiency cultivation and management mode efficient all-optimized yield cultivation techniques in one,able to balance the relationship between the three elements of production,can get higher set of fertile florets and grain number and improve the yield of wheat,be worthy of promotion.2 The effects of different cultivation models on soil nutrients and water and nitrogen use efficiencyWater plays a key role in plant growth,plays an important role in absorption of nutrients in the soil,through the entire growth period soil moisture content and rainfall were measured,the results show that the HH can significantly improve soil water use efficiency,yield water use efficiency,precipitation use efficiency and irrigation efficiency,respectively reached : 30.14%,15.36%,44.36%,37.07%.Nitrogen use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer application is reasonable,through to determination of the nitrogen content of all parts of the plant,analysis of nitrogen use efficiency,results showed that the high yield and high efficient cultivation and management mode can significantly improve nitrogen absorption efficiency,productivity and nitrogen use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer and nitrogen harvest index,are: 55.88%,31.97%,and 0.76%.Soil nitrate nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium as the main source of nutrients of wheat grown,plays a decisive role in the growth of wheat development.By0-140 cm soil nitrate nitrogen in soil were measured in each period,the results showed that,on the basis of soil samples,HH can increase soil nitrate content in the arable layer,and long-term application of different nitrogen fertilizer cultivation patterns can affect nitrate leaching down,the different planting management models for nitrate leaching down different.With the application of nitrogen fertilizer,high-yield andefficient cultivation and management model can increase the content of soil nitrate soil arable layer,reducing nitrate down speed and improve nitrate uptake and utilization.Through the foundation soil and mature soil phosphorus and potassium were measured,results showed that the cultivation of high-yield and efficient management can significantly improve the absorption and utilization of phosphorus and potassium,reduce soil residue.3 The effects of different cultivation models on soil physical propertiesSoil bulk density is an important indicator of soil physical properties,through measured the soil bulk density at different locations in different years in different cultivation and management modes,the results show that the optimization of cultivation and management model can significantly reduce soil bulk density size,the best soil bulk density in the same soil layer in different locations is HH.Between different years,and compared to 2013-2014,the four different modes of soil cultivation and management of soil bulk density has decreased in 2014-2015.Soil aggregates is also an important symbol of soil physical properties,through measured different soil layers of different particle size soil water-stable aggregates under different locations,results showed that,HH can significantly improve 0.25 mm particle size of soil water-stable aggregates of share,then improve soil of insurance water insurance fertilizer capacity,improved soil structure.Different cultivation and management pattern on soil aggregate proportion of each component is different,than0.25 mm particle size composition,Wen County area of chao soil influence the kaifeng loam and Shang Shui mortar black soil effect is remarkable,Mortar black soil mainly improve 0 ~ 20 cm soil layer is greater than 3 mm of soil aggregate,water stability for 20-40 cm soil layer no significant difference between the groups.4 the effect of different cultivation patterns on soil microoganismsSoil microorganisms to transform and absorb the nutrients in the soil have certain effect.In three locations of the number of soil bacteria,fungi and actinomycetes were determined,The results show that,the wen county chao soil and Shang Shui mortar black soil cultivation mode of high yield and efficient can significantly increase the number of bacteria,actinomyces and kaifeng loam can obviously improve the quantity,the number of fungi in different effects in the soil.In three locations of the determination of soil microbial carbon and nitrogen content,the results show that,the same location,high production and efficiency of cultivation management mode can significantly increase soil microbial carbon,nitrogen fertilizer at different sites ofdifferent soil affects the quantity of microbial carbon and nitrogen,microbial carbon and nitrogen amount: Wen county > Shang Shui > kaifeng.