| In view of the problems such as shallow soil plough layer,shallow fertilizer application,low water and fertilizer utilization rate,serious soil water and nutrient loss,and difficulty in ensuring the nutrient requirements of wheat at different growth stages,this paper took winter wheat as the research object,adopted the research method of combining field experiment and indoor analysis,A new type of ectopic layered fertilizer machine for subsoiling and two fertilizers developed by the research group was used.Five treatments,such as no nitrogen fertilizer,0～15 cm phosphorus and potassium fertilizer(T1),0-15 cm recommended N,P and K fertilizer(T2),15～30 cm recommended N,P and K fertilizer(T3),0-30 cm recommended N,P and K fertilizer(T4),0～15 cm farmers applied N,P and K fertilizer(T5)were set up to study the growth and nutrient utilization of wheat at each growth stage under tillage and fertilization models,and the temporal and spatial distribution of soil moisture and physical and chemical properties,etc.To further optimize the suitable wheat season planting the new type of farming and fertilization methods,was provided a scientific basis for improving the quality of arable land and ensuring stable grain production.The main results obtained were as follows:(1)Compared with farmers’ conventional fertilization(T5),reasonable combined application of N,P and K increased wheat plant height,total stem number,flag leaf chlorophyll SPAD value,leaf area,Fv/FO And Fv/Fm,were effectively improved the growth and development of wheat.At the same fertilization depth,the total number of stems,flag leaf chlorophyll SPAD,Fv/FO and Fv/Fm values of wheat treated with the recommended fertilization amount of 0-15 cm were higher than those of farmers’ habitual fertilization.Under the same fertilization rate,the recommended fertilization of 0～30 cm had better growth characteristics,followed by the recommended fertilization of 15～30 cm.(2)Under the same fertilization depth,the dry matter accumulation of the recommended fertilization rate of 0～15 cm during the entire growth and development period of wheat was the highest.Compared with farmers’ habitual fertilization mode,0-15 cm recommended fertilization was significantly increased the accumulation of N,P,and K in wheat by 20.3%～52.7%,0.7%～14.2%,and-13.7%～22.4%.The dry matter accumulation,N,P,and K accumulation of wheat under the same fertilization amount and different fertilization depths were 0～30 cm recommended fertilization>15～30 cm recommended fertilization>0～15 cm recommended fertilization,jointing stage The latter showed that there was no significant difference between 0～30 cm and 15～30 cm recommended fertilization,but the accumulation of N,P,and K were all increased by 6.2%～28.2%,6.4%～38.3%,22.1%～58.2%compared with 0～15 cm recommended fertilization treatment,indicating that subsoiling fertilization could increase the dry matter and nutrient accumulation of wheat plants,and the recommended fertilization effect of 0～30 cm was more significant.(3)Compared with nitrogen deficiency,the combined application of N,P and K under different tillage and fertilization modes was increased the nitrogen uptake of wheat by 5.2%-25.3%.Under the same fertilization depth,the recommended fertilization rate of 0～15 cm significantly was increased wheat yield,apparent nitrogen utilization efficiency,nitrogen production efficiency and economic benefits were 3.7%,22.4%,23.0%,and 773 yuan.hm-2 respectively.There was no significant difference between 0～30 cm and 15～30 cm recommended fertilization under the same fertilization rate,and both were significantly improved by 7.1%～7.3%,104.0%～111.3%,9.6%～13.9%,539～577 yuan·hm-2 compared with 0～15 cm recommended fertilization,indicating that subsoiling layered fertilization of 15～30 cm and 0～30 cm could increase wheat yield,which was beneficial to the efficient utilization of plant nutrients.(4)Under the same fertilization rate,the soil bulk density recommended by 15～30 cm(T3)and 0～30 cm(T4)decreased by 11.1%and 8.5%,the compactness decreased by 24.4%and 39.6%,and the soil water content increased by 2.2%and 3.1%under the same fertilization amount.It was showed that subsoiling could effectively change the physical properties of the soil and promote the absorption and utilization of soil water and nutrients by plants.Comprehensive consideration,on the basis of N application rate reduced by 26.3%,with 0～30 cm recommended NPK fertilizer Pure N,P2O5,and K2O contents are 210,150,90 kg·hm-2)T4 treatment effect was good,the average yield of winter wheat increased by 11.2%,the average net benefit were increased by 1350 yuan·hm2,and the soil bulk density and compactness were decreased by more than 8.5%and 11.7%,15～30 cm recommended nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer was the next,and both treatments could be used as high-quality and high-yield management measures for wheat cultivation. |
