| With the daily deterioration of traffic congestion, energy crisis and environmental pollution resulted by the traffic pattern oriented by cars, urban traffic system dominated by massive public traffic has drew attention in large cities. Featured by advantages like moderate volume, low investment, energy conservation, protection of environment and agile organization, tram has received graces in many cities. The operational cost affects the government and company’s choice and application to tram, so it is quite of reference for the development to study on organization, cost composition and its measurement of tram.This paper summarized the organization of tram domestically and overseas, clarified its functional orientation and financial operation in different cities, proposed a measurement model of operational cost with cases and finalized with sensitivity analysis on cost factors. The main work and conclusion of this paper comprises sections as listed:(1) This paper analyzed the characteristics of tram and made comparison between tram and other public traffic on technical parameters, operational cost and service index., which tells tram’s construction cost is less and is more flexible also more potential. A step further, this paper also analyzed the operational mode and financial condition of tram domestically and overseas and concluded that financial condition is mainly effected by operational subject and functional orientation, such as trams in Hong Kong, San Fransisco and Paris are operated by companies hired by government, so the organization and tickeds are more various, which attracts more passengers and more income, leading to less subsidy and even can more probits.(2) This paper differed operational cost into fixed cost and variable cost and dissected influential factors of traction energy consumption and maintenance cost with measurement formula concerning the characteristics of domestic tram. In the case of Zhangjiang line in Shanghai, whose annual operational cost is30.41million yuan, and11.90yuan each personal trip, this paper contrasted the measurement with overseas lines to find that operational cost was related to ridership and operational cost per unit to ridership, service index and labor cost. This paper suggests Zhangjiang line to learn from the Edinburgh1a line on the flexible organization for decreasing operational cost, and to learn its bus-union ticked to attract more passengers, leading to more income. (3) This paper conducted sensitivity analysis on structural factors of operational cost which revealed the corresponding response to the change of one factor or more including ridership, vehicle usage, technical velocity, labor efficiency, which concluded that a20%increase of ridership rarely rose the operational cost by0.93%while sharply reduced operational cost per unit by15.89%. Consequently, this paper recommended proper raise of unit dispatch and technical velocity and enhancement of competitiveness of tram in case of large ridership while the other side in case of deficit of ridership. |
