Advances In HPV Vaccine Against Cervical Cancer

Cancer of the cervix is the second most common cancer in women worldwide,more than 85% of the cases occurring in developing countries such as China.Infection with the human papilloma virus(HPV) is necessary for the development of almost all cases of cervical cancer.As a result, HPV vaccination has been extensively studied worldwide.In recent years,effective vaccination against HPV provides an opportunity to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with HPV. The FDA has approved two preventive vaccines called Cervarix and Gardasil and Gardasil 9 to limit the spread of HPV.these vaccines target HPV 16 and 18, the HPV types responsible for most of cervical cancers. Quadrivalent Gardasil also targets HPV 6 and 11.9-Valent HPV Vaccine additionally targets HPV31、HPV33、HPV45、HPV5and HPV58. Both vaccines have been tested in hundreds of thousands of women across the world, and have been found to be safe,immunogenic and highly efficacious against persistent type-specific HPV infection and premalignant disease of the cervix.If their full potential were to be realised, figures from the World Health Organisation(WHO)indicate that a 5-year vaccination initiative could prevent one million deaths from cervical cancer. However, preventive vaccines do not exert therapeutic effects on pre-existing HPV infections and HPV-associated lesions.Therefore,therapeutic vaccines are also being developed. These vaccines aim to generate a cell-mediated immune response to infected cells. More than 20 prophylactic or Therapeutic vaccines are in clinical trials or phase III clinical trials resultly. This review discusses current preventive and therapeutic HPV vaccines and their future directions.