| This study was conducted to determine phenotypic variations ofA. ginnala populations and investigated the level of phenotypicdiversity based on34phenotypic traits by using ANOVA. And thepotential geographic distribution of A. ginnala was predicted byMaxEnt software. The results were as follows:(1)Variance analysis showed that there were significantphenotypic differences among and within populations. Except forLLW, PLW, LP, LAW, FSL, KFSL, KFL, KFW, KFLW, BM, FL, FW, FT, SFL,SFW and ST, the other18traits were highly significant difference.(2)Coefficient of variation (CV) varied from15.677%to31.612%,and the mean CV was25.319%. The CV of leaf traits, fruit traits andseed traits were23.140%,20.340%and12.380%, respectively. CVof the leaf traits was higher than that of other traits. The highest CVwas in Anhui (34.954%), while the lowest in Shanxi (21.563%). Italso showed CV of A. ginnala in south area of China was higher thanthat of in north area of China. This indicated that high phonotypicdiversity occurred in A. ginnala populations.(3) Phenotypic differentiation coefficient (VST) of A. ginnala varied from23.134%to85.287%, and the mean VSTwas56.996%.The VSTamong populations (56.996%) was more than that of withinpopulations (43.004%), which indicated the variation amongpopulations comprised a majority of total phenotypic variations.The VSTof leaf traits, fruit traits and seed traits were66.080%,49.700%and33.913%, respectively. The VSTof the leaf traits washigher than that of other traits.(4) Principal component analysis showed that the contributionratio of phenotypic variations was leaf> fruit> seed.(5)A significant relation occurred between phenotypic traits andenvironmental factors. Leaf traits had significant negativecorrelation with latitude and longitude, while a positive correlationwith angle and slope. Fruit trait had positive correlation with angleand slope. Fruit and seed traits had negative correlation withaltitude.(6) A. ginnala populations gathered into three groups by clusteranalysis,etc, Qingling Mountain-Dabie Mountain-Taihang Mountain.(7) The contemporary suitable area of A. ginnala almost coveredthe current distribution area. The potential areas were: south eastof Inner Mongolia, south west of Liaoning, south middle of Jilin andHeilongjiang, major parts of Beijing, Tianjin, Shanxi and Hebei,major part of Henan, whole part of Shandong, Shanghai, major partof Jiangsu (except for south of Jiangsu), middle and south of Anhui,middle and south of Hubei, west of Jiangxi, east north of Sichuan,major part of Chongqing (except for minor area at west ofChongqing), middle and south of Guizhou, minor areas of eastYunnan and major parts of Shanxi. (8)The highly suitable area in future potential area (30s–70s of21century) of A. ginnala gradually from scattered distribution toalmost disappeared. Moreover, the distribution mainly concentratedpatchy distribution in the eastern coastal area of China. In future,the moderate and low distribution area was concentrated patchydistribution, which was similar to contemporary pattern and locatedin China’s eastern coastal areas as well. The distribution trend infuture was gradually reduction for A. ginnala.(9) Main environmental factors for A. ginnala distributionincluded BIO13(30.2%)>BIO04(25.8%)> BIO01(17.5%)> BIO09(10.5%)> BIO16(5.1%)> BIO05(3.7%)> BIO03(1.7%)> BIO11(0.6%), of which the total contribution was to95.1%. |
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