| Objective:To investigate China’s urban high school students’ and urban residents’the consumption habits and consumption of drinking water, and to providebasic data for exposure assessment and health risk assessment via waterexposure.Methods:A survey was carried out in three cities of north, east and south(Shijiazhuang, Ningbo and Xiamen). Eight communities and four high schoolswere selected in each city.170residents in each community were randomlyselected for the survey and cluster random sampling method was employed toselect2classes from each school, Self-designed questionnaire was used.Results:1. Survey results of the residents1.1Sociodemographic characteristics of study objective.4072valid questionnaires were finished in this survey, including1280people in Shijiazhuang,1204people in Ningbo, and1588people in Xiamen.1857males and2215females were included in the survey (male vsfemale=1:1.2) and their mean age was40.38(13~88).1.2Drinking water typesThe type of water consumed was mainly in boiled tap water (80.5%)when they were at home, and it was mainly in boiled tap water (47.6%) andbottled water (37.6%) when they were stay out, respectively. Springwater/natural water/mountain spring water was mainly drunk as drinkingbottled water by the residents, and purified water took the second.1.3The consumption of water and its impact factorsTheir mean consumption of water was estimated to be1602ml, including 1648ml in Ningbo,1591ml in Xiamen and1572ml in Shijiazhuang. Themales’ daily consumption of drinking water was significantly more than thefemales’(1663ml vs1551ml). The middle age’s (40~49) consumption of waterwas the most, and those who were older than70drunk the least, moreover, itcan be affected by smoking, drinking, drinking tea and so on.1.3.1Smoking The consumption of water in smoking group was markedlymore than that without smoking (1703ml vs1578ml, P＜0.001). Theconsumption of water in male smoking group was also more than the malegroup without smoking(t=2.138, P＜0.05). The differences between thefemale smoking and female group without smoking had no significance.1.3.2Drinking this impact fact was analyzed only among the male. Waterconsumption in daily drinking group was1800ml, frequent drinking groupwas1769ml, sometime drinking group was1704ml, occasional drinkinggroup was1638ml and non-drinking group was1607ml（F=2.767，P＜0.05）。1.3.3Drinking tea male’s water consumption in frequent-drinking tea groupwas1782ml, little--drinking tea group was1598ml, and never-drinking teagroup was1506ml（F=20.112, P＜0.001）；female’s water consumption infrequent-drinking tea group was1679ml, little--drinking tea group was1526ml, and never-drinking tea group was1453ml(F=21.193，P＜0.001).1.4frequency and time-consuming of bathThe bath frequency of urban residents in Xiamen (83.3%) and Ningbo(41.1%) was mainly higher than once a day, and62.5%and57.3%of thesubjects consumed10~20minutes to bath, respectively. The bath frequency inShijiazhuang was once in3~5days (34.6%), mostly about20~30minutes andmore than30minutes (41.4%vs30.1%).The bath frequency of males and females was mainly higher than once aday (46.4%vs49.3%), while the males’ bath time was less than the females’.The percentage of males’ bath time that was less20minutes was more thanthat of females’(70.4%vs59.4%),The percentage of females’ bath time whichwas more than20minutes was apparently more than that of the males’(40.6% vs29.6%). The percentage of females’ bath time which was more than30minutes was apparently more than that of the males’(21.6%vs12.6%,2=30.22, P<0.001).The residents’ bath time was13min/d, including15min/d in Xiamen,8min/d in Ningbo and6min/d in Shijiazhuang. The males’ bath time was9min/d and the females’ was15min/d.1.5Drinking water safety factorstap water was mainly used for the preparation for cooking and cookingwater (90.1%and93.0%, respectively), while the utilization rate for waterfilters was only24.9%.The proportion of residents consumed a bucket of water within a weekwas81.3%(564) when they were out, which was significantly higher than73.3%(422) when they were at home.There were37.1%residents who washed water containers once a week athome, which was higher than29.9%when they were out. But there were about20%residents who never washed their water containers.There were62.5%(2546) resident drunk water that was boiled by electrickettle and water dispenser.2. Survey results of the students2.1Sociodemographic characteristics of study objective.1231valid questionnaires were achieved in this survey, including418people in Shijiazhuang,404people in Ningbo, and409people in Xiamen.503boys and713girls were included in the survey (boys vs girls=1:1.4) and theirmean age was16.58.2.2Drinking water typesThe type of water consumed was mainly in boiled tap water (74.9%)when they were at home, and it was mainly in bottled water (66.8%) whenthey are stay out. Spring water, natural water and mountain spring water wasmainly drunk as Drinking bottled water by more than65%students, andpurified water took the second.2.3The consumption of water Their mean consumption of water was estimated to be1538ml, including1604ml in Xiamen,1525ml in Ningbo and1486ml in Shijiazhuang. The boys’daily consumption of drinking water was significantly more than the girls’(1686ml vs1429ml).2.4frequency and time-consuming of bathThe bath frequency of high school students in Xiamen (91.9%) andNingbo (59.1%) was mainly higher than once a day, and66.0%and41.1%ofthe subjects consumed10~20minutes to bath, respectively. The bathfrequency in Shijiazhuang was once in3-5days, mostly about20-30minutes(41.4%).The boys’ bath frequency was equal to the girls’, but the bath time thatwas20minutes less than the girls’ accounts for64.8%, the time which was20minutes more accounts for54.7%. The percentage of girls’ bath time whichwas more than30minutes was apparently more than that of the boys’(21.6%vs12.6%,2=16.07, P<0.001).The students’ bath time was13min/d, including15min/d in Xiamen andNingbo,6min/d in Shijiazhuang. The boys’ bath time was11min/d and thegirls’ was15min/d.2.5Drinking water safety factorsThe tap water was mainly used for cooking and cooking water (85.5%and93.7%, respectively), while the utilization rate for water filters was39.2%.The proportion of students consumed a bucket of water within a weekwas77.9%(224) when they were out, significantly higher than65.1%(183)when they were at home.There were44%students who washed water containers once a week athome, which was higher than35.6%when they were out. But there were morethan10%students who never washed their water containers.There were67.9%(836) students who drank water that was boiled byelectric kettle and water dispenser.Conclusions:1The residents’ type of drinking water consumed was mainly in boiled tap water. The high school students’ was mainly in boiled tap water when theywere at home, and mainly in bottled water when they stayed out. Bottled watertype was mainly in spring water/natural water/mountain spring water.2Their mean consumption of water was estimated to be1602ml forresidents and1538ml for students. Region, gender, age, smoking, drinking anddrinking tea were the impact factors of consumption of water.3Bathing frequency was high with a short time in Xiamen and Ningbo,and was low with long time in Shijiazhuang. Females’ bath time was longerthan males’.4There were drinking water safety factors in all survey cities. The safetyfactors were that the time of consumed a bucket of water and washed watercontainers interval was long, the utilization rate for water filters was low, andusing the electric kettle and water dispenser. |
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