Association Of Smoking And Alcohol Consumption With Age-reiated Cataract

ObjectiveThe objective of the present study is to investigate the status ofepidemiology of visual impairment suggestive of surgically treated age-relatedcataract (ARC) and to explore the association between socio-demographiccharacteristics, lifestyle habits (smoking or alcohol consuming) anddevelopment of ARC in middle aged and elderly men.MethodsA hospital-based case control study was conducted from April2010toAugust2011. A total of360cases aged45~85years old for cataract extractionand360frequency-matched controls in the same hospital for many differentdiseases not related to cataract were included in the study. All subjects wereinterviewed using a structured interviewer-administrated questionnaire, coveringsocio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, dietary intake, detailedmedical history and biochemical indicator. Meanwhile, height, weight, waist andhip circumference of patients were measured. Analyses were conducted usingSPSS13.0.Results1. In total,360cases and360frequency-matched controls aged45~85,were included in the study. The mean age of cases and controls was69.20±10.39and69.62±10.93.There are174female (48.33percent) subjects in bothcase and control groups. Socio-demographic characteristics analysis showedthat there were no significantly differences in age, gender, race, residence, education, and occupation between the two groups (P>0.05).2. The distributions of smoking history in the two groups were significantlydifferences (χ2=6.246, P=0.044). More than half of cases (n=206) were currentsmokers (36.39%)and past smokers(20.83%) while only175controls werecurrent smokers (28.61%)and past smokers(20.00%).3. The distributions of drinking history in the two groups were significantlydifferences (χ2=6.675, P=0.036).The case group concludes113(31.39%)current drinkers and16(4.44%) past drinkers while there were142(4.44%)current drinkers and21(5.83%) past drinkers concluded in control group.4. Smoking statures and the risk of ARC: Multivariable conditional logisticregression analysis showed that the distributions of smoking history in the twogroups were significantly differences(χ2=6.246，P=0.044), the risks of ARC tocurrent smokers (OR=1.817,95%CI:1.323~2.479, P=0.005)and past smokers(OR=1.295,95%CI:0.847~1.943, P=0.203) in cases group were higher thancontrols.Nevertheless, only current smokers was positively related to ARC.Compared to non-smoking controls, the risk of subjects smoked20~30cigarettes per day(OR=2.102，95%CI:1.226~3.508,P=0.003) and≥30cigarettes per day(OR=2.303,95%CI:1.194~4.235, P=0.012) weresignificantly increased,The more0Smoke Cigarettes, the higher risk of ARC.The cases who smoked1~20years、20~30years and≥30years had1.4and2.1times the risk of cataract as did those controls who were never smoked(95%CI:1.005~2.038, P=0.047,95%CI:1.121~2.896, P=0.022and95%CI:1.685~3.627, P=0.001respectively). The risk of ARC among subjects whoabandon smoking more than20years decreased27percent compare to neversmokers(OR=0.729,95%CI:0.341~0.969, P=0.027).5. Alcohol consuming and the risk of ARC: The distributions of drinkinghistory in the two groups were significantly differences(χ2=6.675， P=0.036).Current drinkers and past drinkers were inversely associated with ARC.Compared to never drinkers, the risk of ARC for current drinkers in casesdecreased (OR=0.539,95%CI:0.284~0.979, P=0.018), The risk of ARC were not corresponding decrease with the increase of alcohol intake, alcohol intake45~60g/d (OR=1.331,95%CI:0.842~2.430, P=0.572) and≥60g/d (OR=1.714,95%CI:1.051~3.130, P=0.024）were positively associated with theincreased risk of ARC, then there were U-shape relationship between alcoholintake and ARC. No evidence shows association between drinking years andthe risk of ARC.The results show that there was statistical significance between any typealcohol consuming≥4standard drink and the odds of ARC increased72percentcompare to never drinkers (OR=1.719,95%CI:1.034~2.930, P=0.027).Therisk of ARC for subjects who consumed spirits1~44standard drink decreased50percent (OR=0.466,95%CI:0.264~0.823,P=0.008),however subjects whoconsumed spirits≥4standard drink had higher risk of ARC. There were norelationship between drinking beer and the risk of ARC, drinking wine1~4standard drink or≥4standard drink were inversely associated with ARC (OR=0.537,95%CI:0.166~0.968, P=0.032and OR=0.609,95%CI:0.230~0.974,P=0.016respectively).6. Smoking and drinking statures and the risk of ARC: After adjusting formultiple potential confounders, the relationship between alcohol intake amongvarious smoking statures and ARC were different.Subjects who were currentsmokers and heavy drinkers at the same time had much higher risk than whowere current smokers but never drinkers(OR=2.149,95%CI:1.132~3.936,P=0.020). Compare to never drinkers among abandon smokers, alcohol intake <45g/d were inversely associated with ARC (OR=0.453,95%CI:0.223~0.921,P=0.029), There were no apparent relationships between alcohol intake≥45g/dand ARC(OR=1.418,95%CI:0.813~3.452,P=0.146).Conclusions1. Smoking was positively related to ARC. Tobacco consumption andpolyunsaturated smoking times may increase the odds of ARC, respectively,whereas quitting smoking may protect against ARC. 2. Compared to never drinkers, the risk of ARC for current drinkers in casesdecreased, there were U-shape relationship between alcohol intake and ARC.No evidence shows association between drinking years and the risk of ARC.3. Subjects who consumed spirits≥4standard drink had higher risk of ARC.There were no relationship between drinking beer and the risk of ARC, drinkingwine was inversely associated with ARC.4. Subjects who were current smokers and heavy drinkers at the same timehad much higher risk of ARC.5. never drinkers among abandon smokers, alcohol intake <45g/d wereinversely associated with ARC（OR=0.453，95%CI：0.223~0.921，P=0.029）,the risk of ARC for alcohol intake≥45g/d had increased.In conclusion, it is possible that smoking and alcohol consuming affect thedevelopment of ARC. The study aims to confirm relationships between life styleand the risk of ARC, the results means life style changes include quittingsmoking and moderate drinking may be beneficial to ARC.