| The present study investigated the longitudinal relationship between alcohol consumption and bone mineral density (BMD), and the interaction of alcohol intake and smoking on BMD using data from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study. A total of 1009 men and 2067 women, aged 40-60y, were assessed at baseline, year 3 and 5. At each measurement, BMD at the lumbar spine 1 to 4 and the total hip, alcohol intake, and smoking status were measured. Generalized estimating equations were developed for men and women separately. Our results suggest a positive relationship between alcohol intake and BMD in men, while a negative association of heavy alcohol intake and BMD was found in women. The association between current smoking and BMD was not evident in the current study. No statistically significant interactions between alcohol drinking and smoking were found in men and women. |
