| ObjectiveThe elements in human body are mainly used to construct human tissues, maintain physiological functions and involve in metabolism and other activities. Elements in the human body cannot be synthesized and only obtained from food and water. The types and quantities of elements in the food are different, and the differences of absorption, usage and requirement lead to the lack and imbalance in the human body. Therefore some sub-clinical deficiency symptoms occur. The subject belongs to the baseline survey. The population of Liangshan County in Shandong Province was selected for questionnaire, the detection of the indicators. Analyze the level and distribution characteristics of the seven essential elements. Study the influence of food, eating habits, gender, age and behavioral factors on the elements. Study the contents of the elements and hypertension, hepatitis, obesity, etc. Calculate the normal values of the seven essential elements in serum of Liangshan Country by the measured values. Study the dietary composition and nutritional status of the changes of the people to predict the future trend of the development and provide basic information for comprehensive nutrition-related or thematic research topics. Provide a basis for further follow-up monitoring and effective intervention of several common diseases by the research result.Methods1Survey methodsAll residents in the six villages were selected for the suevey. The villages were West Zhangbo, East Zhangbo, Xuetun, Zhangfeigai, Maying and Yangtun. The combination of questionnaire and the examination was selected. The questionnaire included family information, personal investigation of illness and exposure information.2The method of determination of the seven essential elements in the serumPrepare the standard series of Fe, Cu, Zn, K, Na, Ca and Mg.Imbibe200μL of serum samples and dilute10-fold with3‰of TritonX-100for the determination of Fe,20-fold for Cu,30-fold for Zn,300-fold for K and Na, and300-fold for Ca and Mg with La2O3solution. Measure the absorbance of the standard solution and samples by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Obtain the regression equation and calcμLate the concentrations of the element in the samples.Linear relationships and the detection limits of the seven essential elements were calculated, and the recovery and precision experiments were done, respectively.3Analysis of the relationship between behaviors and the seven essential elements in the serumAnalyze the relationship between the seven essential elements results and age, sex, intake of each kind of food, personal behaviors and childhood behaviors.4Analysis of the relationship between the seven essential elements in the serum and several common diseasesAnalyze the contrations of the seven essential elements between hypertension and normotensive population, high cholesterol and normal blood lipid people. HBsAg positive and negative populations. women disease prevalence and the healthy wemen. According to China’s obese standard the investigated population is divided into four groups:underweight group, normal weight, overweight group and obesity group. The concentrations of the seven essential elements in the four groups were analyzed with one-way ANOVA. The relationship between the concentrations of the seven essential elements and the values of the systolic blood pressure, TG. TC, LDL and HDL was analyzed with the correlation analysis.5Data processing and analysisThe data were expressed as mean±SD (x±s). SPSS16.0was used for correlation analysis, one-way ANOVA and t-test.Results1The results of methodology studyGood linearity was found at the range of the seven essential elements for plasma samples (r≥0.999), respectively. The intra-and inter-day precisions expressed as the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) for the method were less than4.19%and4.45%, respectively. The recoveries were more than97.15%.2The normal range of the seven essential elements in the serumContents of Na, Fe and Cu in serum had significant differences between men and women. The concentrations of Na and Cu in the serum of female (3375.55±423.48mg·L-1;1.27±0.35mg·L-1) were significantly higher than those of men (3355.94±394.79mg·L-1;1.16±0.33mg·L-1)(P<0.05), while the concentrations of Fe were significantly lower (male,2.61±1.58mg·L-1; female,2.19±1.43mg·L-1)(P <0.01). The concentrations of Cu, K, and Mg showed positive correlation with age (rCu=0.066, rK=0.070, rMg=0.047)(P<0.01). Positive correlation existed between the concentrations of Ca and Mg (r=0.523)(P<0.01), so as Cu and Na, Ca and Mg(rNa=0.293, rCa=0.158, rMg=0.232)(P<0.01). K also correlated with Fe (r=0.337)(P<0.01), Na(r=0.335)(P<0.01) and Mg (r=0.124)(P<0.05) positively.3The relationship between behaviors and the seven essential elements in the serum3.1The relationship between dietary patterns and elementsThe concentrations of K in diet and serum showed positive correlation (r=0.045, P<0.05). The concentrations of Zn in the diet correlate with Cu in the serum negatively (rCu=-0.053, P<0.01; rZn=-0.055, P<0.01). Vitamin C content in the diet are positively correlated with the concentration of Fe in serum (r=0.042)(P<0.05).3.2The relationship between amount of oil/salt per day and elementsAmount of salt per day negatively correlated with concentrations of Zn r=-0.034)(P<0.05), and positively correlated with K (r=0.034)(P<0.05).3.3The relationship between smoking and elements The investigated people were divided into4groups by smoking status. Group Ⅰ: Smoking, group Ⅱ:smoked before, group Ⅲ:smoke a cigarette sometimes, group Ⅳ:never smoke. There were significant differences in the concentrations of Fe and Cu among the four groups. Concentrations of Fe in Group Ⅰ (2.62±1.34mg·L-1) were significantly higher than group IV (2.32±1.56mg·L-1)(P<0.01). Concentrations of Cu in Group Ⅳ (1.15±0.38mg·L-1) were lower than group Ⅰ (1.25±0.35mg·L-1)(P<0.01). The years of smoking were positively related to the concentrations of K, Cu (rK=0.110, rCu=0.160)(P<0.01) and Zn (rZn=0.097)(P<0.05). Ca concentration in the serum and the number of cigarettes per day, the total number of cigarettes was positively correlated (r=0.089, r=0.088)(P<0.05). Concentrations of Cu in the serum and the total number of cigarettes were positively correlated (r=0.128)(P<0.01). K concentrations in11-20sticks a day group (216.42±46.93mg·L-1) were significantly higher than the21-30group (201.37±46.59mg·L-1)(P<0.05). Concentrations of no passive smoking crowd had no difference from those of the passive smoking popμLation.3.4The relationship between drinking and elementsThe investigated people were divided into4groups by drinking status. Group Ⅰ drinking, group Ⅱ:drank before, groupⅢ:drink sometimes, group Ⅳ:never drink. There were significant differences in the concentrations of Fe and Cu among the four groups. Concentrations of Fe in the serum in Group Ⅰ (2.69±1.51mg·L-1) were significantly higher than those of group Ⅳ (2.31±1.73mg·L-1), Concentrations of Cu in Group Ⅰ (1.26±0.36mg·L-1) were significantly higher than group Ⅳ (1.18±0.33mg·L-1). The concentrations of Cu and Ages were positively correlated (r=0.147)(P<0.01). The concentrations of Na were positively correlated with started drinking ages(r=0.111)(P<0.05).3.5The relationship between drinking tea and elementsThe investigated people were divided into4groups by tea drinking status. Group Ⅰ:drinking, group Ⅱ:drank before, group III:drink sometimes, group Ⅳ:never drink. Significant differences were in the concentrations of Fe and Na among the four groups. Concentrations of Fe in Group Ⅳ (2.30±1.67mg·L-1) were significantly lower than those of group Ⅲ (2.52±1.62mg·L-1)(P<0.01) and group I (2.69±1.49mg·L-1)(P<0.01). Concentrations of Na in the serum of Group Ⅱ (3676.40±405.42mg·L-1) were significantly higher than those of group Ⅰ (3372.00±375.65mg·L-1mg·L-1)(P<0.05), group Ⅲ (3376.30±410.32mg·L-1)(P <0.05) and group Ⅳ (3351.00±415.91mg·L-1)(P<0.05). The concentrations of Ca in the serum of Green tea group (113.71±29.07mg·L-1) were significantly lower than the concentrations of the Jasmine tea group (123.63±38.25mg·L-1)(P<0.05).3.6The relationship between diet and the seven essential elements in the serum3.6.1The relationship between staple food and elementsThe concentrations of Na in the serum of rice group (3336.00±379.10mg·L-1) and pasta group (3354.40±404.79mg·L-1) were significantly lower than those of both rice and pasta group(3522.60±462.95mg·L-1)(P<0.05).The Na concentrations of Rice group, pasta group, coarse grains group (3213.90±199.73mg·L-1), the potato group (3323.00±335.26mg·L-1), rice and pasta group (3522.60±562.95mg·L-1), pasta and potato group (3207.30±315.04mg·L-1), rice, pasta and whole grains group (3336.80±215.82mg·L-1) were significantly lower than the coarse grain pasta group (4010.50±1225.54mg·L-1)(P<0.05). The concentrations of Cu in rice group (1.24±0.33mg·L-1), pasta group (1.22±0.42mg·L-1) were significantly lower than rice and pasta group (1.48±0.48mg·L-1)(P<0.01).3.6.2The relationship between food intake frequency and elementAccording to intake frequency of vegetables, fruits and meat, people were divided into5groups:group Ⅰ:eat every day, group II:4-5times/week, group Ⅲ:2-3times/week, group Ⅳ:less than1times/week, group V:none. The concentrations of Fe in the serum of group Ⅰ (2.58±1.31mg·L-1) and Ⅱ (2.61±1.39mg·L-1) were significantly higher than those of group Ⅳ (2.31±1.61mg·L-1) and Ⅴ (2.29±1.43mg·L-1)(P<0.05). The frequency of meet influenced Na and Mg. The concentrations of Na in the serum of group Ⅰ (3347.20±353.18mg·L-1) and Ⅱ (3516.70±528.39mg·L-1) were significantly higher than group Ⅲ (3394.60±465.18mg·L-1), Ⅳ (3353.70±394.60mg·L-1) and Ⅴ (3325.10±468.15mg·L-1)(P<0.01). Group III was higher than group Ⅴ (P<0.05). The concentrations of Mg in the serum of group Ⅰ (36.79±6.46mg·L-1), Ⅱ (32.93±6.26mg·L-1) were significantly higher than group Ⅲ (28.29±6.73mg·L-1), Ⅳ (28.26±6.16mg·L-1) and Ⅴ (28.26±6.65mg·L-1)(P<0.05).With the increasing frequency of meat intake, Na, Mg concentrations increased (rNa=-0.047, rMg=-0.064)(P<0.05)(P<0.01). The concentrations of Fe and Ca showed positive correlation with frequency of fruits (rFe=-0.053, rca=-0.037)(P<0.01)(P<0.05). Frequency of soy food positively correlated with the concentrations of Cu Ca, and Mg (rCu=-0.043, rCa=-0.040, rMg=-0.036)(P<0.05). The concentrations of Ca showed positive correlation with frequency of milk (r=-0.072)(P<0.01).The concentration of Na and Mg in no soy group (Na,3424.00±482.27mg·L Mg,30.72±7.34mg·L-1) were significantly higher than soy group (Na,3361.00±404.18mg·L-1, P<0.01; Mg,28.39±6.87mg·L-1)(P<0.05). The concentrations of Ca in crowd who had consumption of milk (131.21±41.38mg·L-1) were significantly higher than the people who did not drink milk (120.92±48.97mg·L-1)(P<0.01)3.7The relationship between elements and childhood behaviorsMg concentrations of the children whose mother had severe pregnancy reaction (25.30±4.72mg·L-1) was significantly lower than the other children (27.77±7.60mg·L-1)(P<0.05). With the delay of weaning time, the Ca content increased (r=0.116)(P<0.05).With the increasing of the number of monthly fruit consumption, K contents showed a downward trend (r=-0.130)(P<0.05). According to types of vegetables, the people were divided into7groups. Mg concentrations of group Ⅰ, Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ (26.74±5.05mg·L-1,26.38±6.69mg·L-1,26.77±6.41mg·L-1,28.42±9.78mg·L28.17±4.34mg·L-1) were significantly higher than group Ⅶ (15.89±2.44mg·L-1)(P<0.05), Ca concentrations of group Ⅱ (120.31±33.40mg·L-1) were significantly less than group Ⅳ(134.60±49.20mg·L-1)(P<0.05). Cu concentrations of group Ⅰ (1.13±0.33mg·L-1)were significantly lower than group Ⅳ and Ⅶ(1.32±0.40mg·L-1,1.69±0.54mg·L-1)(P<0.05).The concentrations of Cu in the serum of Group Ⅵ(1.15±0.47mg·L-1)were significantly lowet than group Ⅶ(1.69±0.54mg·L-1)(P<0.05).Fe concentrations of pork and poultry group,single poultry group(3.29±3.44mg·L-1,2.89±2.20mg·L-1)were significantly higher than single pork group (2.10±1.12mg·L-1)(P<0.05).K concentrations of children eating meat or pork everyday,2-3times/week(246.32±25.28mg·L-1；202.73±26.67mg·L-1)were significantly higher than the children who did not eat194.42±30.60mg·L-1)(P<0.05). Fe contents of the children with no beverages(2.44±1.77mg·L-1),drinking a beverage(2.09±1.06mg·L-1)were significantly lower than those who drank two drinks(3.62±2.61mg·L-1)(P<0.05).The salty snacks and fried foods were more,the concentrations of Fe and Na in the serum were higher(rFe=0.127,rNa=0.126)(P<0.05).Fried foods correlated pOSitively with the concentrations of Na in the serum(r=0.156)(P<0.05).The consumption of nutritional supplements showed positive correlation with the concentrations of Cu(r=0.132)(P<0.05).Fe concentrations of the children without fast food(2.73±1.62mg·L-1)were signinfiantly lower than those who had1-5times/month(3.18±4.46mg·L-1)(P0.05)and5-10times/month(4.29±4.96mg·L-1)(P <0.05).Cu concentrations in the serum of the children without fast food(1.25±0.32mg·L-1)were significantly lowet than those who had1-5times/month(1.37±0.39mg·L-1)(P<0.05).The concentrations of Fe in the serum(2.23±1.62mg·L-1)of children without fast food were significantly lower than those of the children with fast food(3.19±4.32mg·L-1)(P<0.01).Cu concentrations of the children who ate puffed food10-20times/month(1.17±0.21mg·L-1)were significantly lower than those who had1-5times/month(1.36±0.38mg·L-1)(P<0.05)and5-10times、month(1.43±0.36mg·L-1)(P<0.05).The concentrations of Fe and Zn of the children who ate salty snacks(Fe,2.91±3.57mg·L-1；Zn,1.89±3.66mg·L-1)were significantly higher than those who did not(Fe,2.11±1.31mg·L-1；Zn,1.52±0.82mg·L-1)(P<0.05)(P <0.01).Fe contents of children with fried food(2.75±3.34mg·L-1)were more than the others (2.15±1.30mg·L-1)(P<0.05).Children’s consumption of nutritional supplements led to the increasing of K and Zn (P<0.01).4The relationship between the seven essential elements in the serum and several common diseases4.1The relationship between the seven essential elements in the serum and hypertensionThe concentrations of K, Zn, Fe, Mg and Zn/Cu (K,213.67±44.05mg·L-1; Zn,1.63±2.05mg·L-1; Fe,2.48±1.49mg·L-1; Mg,28.39±6.88mg·L-1; Zn/Cu,1.39±1.62) in the serum of hypertension group were significantly higher than normal blood pressure group (K,208.06±40.51mg·L-1; Zn,1.45±1.85mg·L-1; Fe,2.35±1.45mg·L-1; Mg,27.70±6.76mg·L-1; Zn/Cu,1.27±1.45)(P<0.01; P<0.05; P<0.05; P<0.01; P<0.05). Cu and blood pressure showed positive correlation (r=0.065)(P<0.01). Fe and K concentrations in men hypertensive group (Fe,2.73±1.57mg·L-1; K,214.69±41.28mg·L-1) were significantly higher than the female (Fe,2.26±1.39mg·L-1; K,211.05±35.48mg·L-1)(P<0.05;P<0.01).As BMI increases, the systolic blood pressure (r=0.244, P<0.01) increased. Ca, Mg, Fe and Cu in the diet negatively correlated with systolic blood pressure (rCa=-0.041; rMg=-0.054; rFe=-0.039; rCu=-0.046)(P<0.05; P<0.01; P<0.05; P<0.05).4.2The relationship between the seven essential elements in the serum and lipidTriglycerides were positively related to the concentration of Ca, Cu, K, Na and Mg (rCa=0.061, rCu=0.147, rK=0.058, rNa=0.095, rMg=0.112)(P<0.01). Total cholesterol and seven elements showed a positive correlation (rFe=0.080, rZn=0.135, rCa=0.095, rCu=0.241, rK=0.135, rNa=0.130, rMg=0.205)(P<0.01). LDL was positively correlated with Cu, Zn, K, Na, Ca and Mg (rCu=0.471, rZn=0.059, rK=0.148, rNa=0.092, rCa=0.072, rMg=0.107)(P<0.01). HDL and Mg were positively correlated (r=0.043)(P<0.05).The concentrations of K, Mg and Zn were different in high cholesterol group and normal lipid group (P<0.01). The concentrations of K, Mg and Zn in the serum of high cholesterol group (K,214.26±45.30mg·L-1; Mg,29.51±7.46mg·L-1; Zn,1.66±1.63mg·L-1) were significantly higher than normal blood group (K,207.48±39.80mg·L-1; Mg,27.27±6.38mg·L-1; Zn,1.43±1.04mg·L-1)(P<0.05). The concentrations of K, Na, Mg and Cu in TG increasing group (K,214.26±47.26mg·L-1; Na,3431.00±429.75mg·L-1; Mg,29.36±7.36mg·L-1; Cu,1.30±0.36mg·L-1) were significantly higher than the normal group (K,208.10±39.7mg·L-1; Na,3347.00±392.13mg·L-1; Mg,27.51±6.56mg·L-1; Cu,1.19±0.34mg·L-1)(P<0.05). The K, Zn concentration, Zn/Cu ratio in TC increasing (K,217.84±51.93mg·L-1; Zn,1.79±1.62mg·L-1; Zn/Cu,1.43±1.43) group were significantly higher than the normal group (K,208.10±39.53mg·L-1; Zn,1.45±1.16mg·L-1; Zn/Cu,1.31±1.07)(P<0.01).4.3The relationship between the seven essential elements in the serum and obesityA positive correlation was shown between the concentrations of K and Cu in the serum and BMI (rK=0.080, rCu=0.097, rZn=0.052, rMg=0.043)(P<0.01). The concentrations of K and Cu were differences among the four groups (P<0.01). The concentrations of K in the underweight group (203.61±43.12mg·L-1) were significantly lower than the other groups (normal group,208.12±39.10mg·L over-weight group,211.32±44.91mg·L-1; obese group,219.98±44.37mg·L-1)(P <0.05; P<0.01; P<0.01), and the normal group were significantly lower than the over-weight group and obese group (P<0.01). Cu concentrations in the serum of the obese group (1.32±0.36mg·L-1) were significantly higher than the other three groups (underweight group,1.21±0.33mg·L-1; normal group,1.19±0.34mg·L-1; over-weight group,1.26±0.36mg·L-1), and Cu concentrations in normal weight group were significantly lower than the overweight group (P<0.01). The Zn in the serum in the over-weight group and obese group (1.82±1.29mg·L-1;1.84±1.51mg·L-1) were significantly higher than the underweight group and normal group (1.52±1.37mg·L-1;1.54±1.08mg·L-1)(P<0.01). Zn/Cu ratio in obese group (1.62±1.09) is greater than non-obese group (1.43±1.14)(P<0.05).4.4The relationship between the seven essential elements in the serum and hepatitis BThere was no difference between HBsAg positive and negative popμLation (P>0.05). The elements also had no difference in HBsAg negative popμLation with and without antibody. The element concentrations were not significantly different in HBsAg positive and negative popμLations of different gender.4.5The relationship between the seven essential elements in the serum and diseases in womenThe concentrations of Cu in the serum of postmenopausal women (1.52±1.42mg·L-1) were significantly higher than menstrual women (1.21±0.67mg·L-1)(P <0.01). Menstrual stopping ages were positively correlated with the concentration of Mg. Ca concentrations of female suffering from mammary gland hyperplasia (113.44±31.86mg·L-1) were lower than the women not suffering from this disease (126.47±220.21mg·L-1)(P<0.01).Conclusions1The AAS methods developed in this study were for the detection of the seven essential elements in serum. They were quick, accurate, sensitive and good repeatabilities. They could be used in the studies of the elements. According to element determination results the normal range for elements of Liangshan could be determined.2There is a certain increase trend between age and the concentrations of K, Cu and Mg in the residents of Liangshan, which may be associated with different demand of species and quantity of food during each period.3Bad habits such as smoking, drinking could cause imbalance of element concentrations in serum. Different dietary habits could also lead to increase or decrease of the concentrations of elements. Adjusting the diet and behavior could avoid the lack and excessive of elements in order to reduce the occurrence of the elements related diseases.4Higher Fe, K, Mg, Zn concentration and Zn/Cu were found in the hypertention residents. Keeping nutrient equalization and Zn/Cu balance were conducive to the prevention and control of hypertension.5Higher Zn, K, Mg concentration and Zn/Cu were detected in the high cholesterol human. With the increase of BMI. the concentrations of Fe. K and Mg and Zn were elevated. Reasonably arrange diet in daily life. Under the premise of a comprehensive and balanced nutrition and maintain Zn/Cu balance could be effective in reducing the occurrence of high cholesterol and obesity.6Lower Ca concentration was detected in the women with mammary gland hyperplasia which suggested the supplement Ca in dietary some was helpful for the prevention of breast cancer. |
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