| Objectives1. To investigate the serum levels and distribution characteristics of boron, cobalt,manganese, arsenic, selenium, nickel, cadmium, lead, and thallium,etc. in the population of LiangShan.2. To analysis the correlation between serum levels of ten kinds of trace elements and chronic diseases such as hypertension,hyperlipidemia, obesity as well as children living habits and discusses the relationship between serum levels of boron, cobalt,manganese, arsenic, selenium, nickel, cadmium, lead, and thallium, and common chronic diseases such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity and children’s lifestyle.3. To analysis the various influence factors of the serum levels of trace elements and several chronic diseases,such as age,gender,personal behaviors and the level of trace elements intake.4. To reveal the inherent relationship between the serum levels and distribution characteristics of boron, cobalt,manganese, arsenic, selenium, nickel, cadmium, lead, and thalliumand chronic diseases such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia obesity and children’s lifestyle.5. To improvethe data of trace elements about Liang Shan County crowd and provide information of common chronic diseases. Also provide a basis for further follow-up monitoring and effective intervention of several diseases bythe research results.Methods 1. InvestigationAll permanent residents of six villages drawn from Liang Shan with cluster sampling were investigated.Household survey was selected to investigate.All permanent residents of five villages drawn from Ping Yin with cluster sampling were investigated. Household survey was selected to investigate.9mL of anticoagulant blood was centrifuged with1000rpm for5to10minutes, and the serum was placed into eppeddorf tubes. Then the tubes were numbered, transported and kept in low temperature.2. Determination of serum samplesThe methods to determined serum levels of elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in defined instrument conditions and sample processing were tested.The detection limits,precisions including inter-day precision and intra-day precision,relative error and add mark recovery rates were calculated and assessed.After processed,the serum samples were determined for levels of elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The serum concentration of elements could be calculated by multiplying the dilution factors. After dilution with0.1%Trition-X-100+0.5%NH4OH by a factor of10, the serum was directly determined by ICP-MS which use external standard method to calibrate the instrument work cure. After processed, the serum samples were successively determined for nine kinds of elements content by collision cell inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. The serum concentration of elements could be calculated by multiplying the dilution factors (ten times).3. Determination of serum lipidTotal cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol of serum were determinated with TC kit, TG kit and HDL-c kit according to their determination conditions and steps.The serum level of lowdensity lipoprotein-cholesterol was calculated indirectly.4. Quality controlQuality control was required to be done from investigation and sampling to determination of laboratory indicators and data input. Selection principle of respondents was confirmed before the survey.Then quality control was also done along with the investigation, phyisical examination and samples collecting.The laboratory indicators were determined within the acceptable range of laboratory variation. A control serum was determined per30samples as determination of blood biochemical. All reaction reagents were carefully to control from pollution and the ultrapure water was used in the whole experiment process. Then quality control was also done along with samples collecting. The laboratory indicators were determined within the acceptable range of laboratory variation by making the quality control chart. A new standard curve was fitted per20samples as determination of serum trace elements.5. Data processingA database was established and the data from experiment and survey was entried. And then the required data was statistically processed. Statistical software of SPSS20.0was used and the data was presented as mean±standard deviation(x±s).The used statistical approaches included independent samples t test, chi-square test analysis of variance, simple correlation, non-conditional logistic multiple regression analysis. It was considered statistically significant if P<0.05.Results1. The methods to determine serum ten kinds of elements by collision cell inductively coupled plasma spectrometry were tested. The results showed that this method could meet the demand of serum elements determination. The detection limits of B, Mn, Co, As, Ni, Se, Cd, T1, Pb and Cr were0.200μg/L,0.005μg/L,0.038μg/L,0.004μg/L,0.037μg/L,0.363μg/L,0.392μg/L,0.042μg/L,0.001μg/L,0.002μg/L. The low, medium, high standard addition recovery rates of each element were in85%-110%.The low, medium, high inter-day precisions of each element were below5%. The low, medium, high intra-day precisions of each element were below15%. The mean relative errors of B, Mn, Co, As,Ni, Se, Cd, T1, Pb, Cr were0.92%,6.46%,8.65%,4.50%,6.36%,8.42%,2.56%,6.85%,9.03%,5.45%. The correlation coefficient r of each element were better than0.99. 2. The levels and distribution characteristics of serum elements in the population of Liang Shan were as follows:B52.72±30.16μg/L, Cr1.64±3.99μg/L, Mn3.57±4.23μg/L, Co0.02±2.61μg/L, Ni.92＋25.89μg/L, As1.74±1.63μg/L, Se113.74±29.36μg/L, Cd1.17±7.96μg/L, T10.01±1.27μg/L, Pb5.24±15.95μg/L. After one-way ANOVA among different genders and different ages,it was found that the older age, the higher serum level of selenium. The serum level of selenium of male group was higher than that of same age female group.The serum level of selenium was different among different ages and genders. There was an increasing tendency of serum selenium and its level of male group was lower than that of same age female group.It was also found that there was a cobalt level of female group was significantly higher than male group, however, boron level of male group was significantly higher than female group. While the serum levels of lead of young group was higher and male group was higher than that of same age female group.There were no age and gender differences in levels of serum other trace elements.3. After independent samples t test,it was statistical differences in age, height, weight, waist circumference, TG,TC,LDL-c and HDL-c between hypertension patients group and the control group.The average age, weight, waist circumference, TG,TC,LDL-c of the hypertension patients group were significantly higher than that of the control group. Then the level HDL-c waslower than that of control group. Analysis of the sex ratio,drinking rate,smoking rate,drinking tea rate of the two group with chi-square test,it was found that male patients accounted for43.60%of the hypertension group,while35.54%of the control group.It was indicated that the drinking rate, smoking rate,drinking tea rate of the hypertension group were higher than that of the control group. After independent samples t test, it was statistical differences in hypertensive group amount of salt per day and oil volume is higher than the control group.Serum level of Sein the hypertension group was higher than the control group.Other trace elements were no significant differences. After simple correlation analysis between level of serum elements and blood pressure,it was found that there was weak correlation between serum levels of B,Cr, Se, Cd and systolic blood pressure.The correlation coefficients was r=0.045,-0.144,0.171,-0.136. There was also weak correlation between serum levels of Cr, Se, Cd, Mn and diastolic blood pressure.The correlation coefficient was r=0.072,0.077,0.065,0.070. The correlation between serum levels of Co, Ni, As, T1, Pb and blood pressure was not statistically significant.In addition to,logistic regression analysis between hypertension and serum levels of elements,smoking, drinking, genetic factors and other influencing factors,it was found that it was statistically significant between hypertension and BMI, age, genetic factors(P<0.05). High BMI, high age and genetic factors were risk factors for hypertension.4. After independent samples t test, Serum level of Se for hyperlipidemia was higher than the control group. While serum levels of Mn, Cr was lower than the control group. Other trace elements were no significant differences.After simple correlation analysis between level of serum elements and TG、TC、 LDL-c、HDL-c,it was found that there was weak correlation between serum level of Cr and TC, serum level of Mn and TG、TC, serum level of As and TC, serum level of Se and TG、TC、LDL-c、HDL-c. The correlation between serum levels othertrace elements and TG、TC、LDL-c、HDL-cwere not statistically significant. Logistic regression analysis between hyperlipidemia and level of serum element, smoking, drinking, genetic factors and other influencing factors,it was found that it was statistically significant between hyperlipidemia and age,BMI, serum level of Mn, Cr, Se and drinking,(P<0.05). Aging, high BMI,drinking behavior were risk factors for hyperlipidemia. While serum levels of Cr, Mn, Se were protective factor for hyperlipidemia.5. After independent samples t test, Serum levels of Se and T1for obesity was higher than the control group. While serum levels of Mn, Cr was lower than the control group. Other trace elements were no significant differences. It was also found that there was As and Se levels of male group was significantly higher than female group, however, T1level of female group was significantly higher thanmale group. Other trace elements were no significant differences.Logistic regression analysis between obesity and serum levels of elements,smoking, drinking, genetic factors and other influencing factors,it was found that old age, female were risk factors for obesity.After independent samples t test, serum levels of selenium and lead for boys was higher than girls. With the increasingof the number of monthly fruit consumption, serum concentrations of elements T1has downward tendency, the highest of Mn in serum which children intake three or more kinds of vegetables a day. Children do not eat meat group has the lowest level of Se in serum, the fast food were fewer,thelower Pb level in serum for children. While the largest level of Mn with salty snacks increased monthly, With the increasingof the number of monthly puffed food consumption, serum concentrations of As were the highest.Children’s consumption of nutritional supplements led to the increasingof Mn, the concentrations of Pb in the serum of children without nutritional supplementswere significantly lower than those of the children who had5-10times/month and10-20times/month,while the concentrations of Asin the serum of children without nutritional supplementswere significantly lower than those of the children who had1-5times/month.Serum levels of Cr had a negative correlation coefficient with consumption of fried food and puffed food monthly, The correlation coefficients were r=-0.131,-0.211. Serum levels of Mn had positively correlation to’0.236with consumption of salty snacks monthly. Serum levels of As had a positive correlation coefficients with puffed food and salty foods,the correlation coefficients were r=0.186,0.122.Serum levels of Se hadpositive correlation coefficient (0.122) with consumption of fast food monthly. Serum levels of Pb has a positive correlation coefficients with fast food and puffed food,the correlation coefficients were0.199,0.160.Conclusions1. The methods to determine serum ten kinds of elements by collision cell inductively coupled plasma spectrometry were tested. The results showed that this method could meet the demands of clinical serum elements determination.2. The levels and distribution characteristics of serum elements in the population of Liang Shan were as follows:B52.72±30.16μg/L, Cr1.64±3.99μg/L, Mn3.57±4.23μg/L, Co0.02±2.61μg/L, Ni6.92±25.89μg/L, As1.74±1.63μg/L, Se113.74±29.36μg/L, Cd1.17±7.96μg/L, T10.01±1.27μg/L, Pb5.24±15.95μg/L. There was an increasing tendency of serum selenium and its level of male group was lower than that of same age female group.lt was also found that there was a cobalt level of female group was significantly higher than the male group,however, boron level of male group was significantly higher than female group.3. The average age, weight, waist circumference, TG,TC,LDL-c drinking rate, smoking rate, drinking tea rate,amount of salt per day and oil of the hypertension patients group were significantly higher than that of the control group.The serum level of Se was higher in hypertension patients.The level HDL-c waslower than that of control group. High BMI, ageing, genetic factors were risk factors for hypertension.4. Serum level of Se for hyperlipidemia was higher than the control group. While serum levels of Mn, Cr was lower than the control group. Aging,high BMI,drinking behavior were risk factors for hyperlipidemia.While serum levels of Cr, Mn, Se were protective factor for hyperlipidemia.5. Serum levels of Se and T1for obesity was higher than the control group. Old age and female were risk factors for obesity.6. Serum levels of Se and Pb for boys was higher than girls. Daily diet of children affected trace elements in the serum. |
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