Non-governmental Overseas And Continental Foreign Trade In Song Dynasty

Since the Qin and Han, Song is the second golden age of well-developed commodity economy.Foreign trade not only for the Song to provide a solid foundation,but also inspire people to change the concept of commercial.It makes all the people doing business. The business scope of merchants in Song Dynasty is not limited to domestic,they also crossed the border, actively involved in overseas trade.Non-government foreign trade has grown by leaps and bounds. This paper attempts at special political and economic background of Song, to explore non-governmental overland foreign trade of the Song and Liao, Xia, Jin minority in northern areas, as well as non-governmental overseas foreign trade in southeast coastal areas. At last,I compared non-governmental overland foreign trade of northern areas and non-governmental overseas trade in the southeast coastal areas.Non-governmental trade are relative terms with the official trade,which is non-official external trade. Engaged in the main body of non-governmental trade personal identity is based on participation, does not represent an official act. Foreign trade means a country or a region with other countries and regions carried out by the exchange of goods and services activity. Foreign trade is different from international trade, Foreign trade is based on a country as the main body, international trade is based on the entire world as the main body. This article is based on the Song Dynasty as the main body for discussion,research on non-governmental overland foreign trade of the Song and Liao, Xia, Jin northern minority,and non-governmental overseas trade of the southeast coast.Therefore it belongs to the scope of foreign trade.Non-governmental foreign trade includes both foreign trade on land and foreign trade by sea. Because of the natural resources across regions, the production level of development are different, an area in the production of a product has comparative advantage.Therefore the different value of the commodity exchange is inevitable. Although the end of the Five Dynasties and Ten States segmentation situation, but Song Dynasty did not really achieve the unity. Northern Territory has always been ruled by the minority Liao, Xia and Jin. Therefore.This article will divided into two parts for discussion.One part is non-governmental overland foreign trade of the Song and Liao, Xia, Jin northern areas of minority,another part is non-governmental overseas trade of Song Dynasty .In this paper, based on previous studies, I use literature study, comparative to carry out, also related to a combination of modern economic theory of foreign trade.Article is divided into three parts:The first part is non-governmental overland foreign trade between Song and Liao, Xia, Jin. This part basis on the different characteristics of Song, Liao, Song Xia, Song Jin non-governmental smuggling trade, from their different perspectives to discuss non-governmental smuggling trade of Song and Liao, Xia, Jin. Mainly on the non-governmental smuggling trade area, goods and participants, as well as the rulers of the smuggling trade in varying degrees of punishment. We can see that the political split between the regime should not cut off all non-governmental economic exchanges. Official trade has a lot of limitations, which is also promoted non-governmental overland smuggling trade. Non-governmental overland smuggling trade is highly profitable,which is the reason why non-governmental overland smuggling trade of Song and Liao, Xia, Jin is prosperity.The second part is non-governmental overseas trade in Song Dynasty. In this part ,Song itself as the main body, analysis the reasons of non-governmental overseas trade prosperity in Song Dynasty and the measures of government encourages non-governmental overseas trade, We can see the advantages of the official overseas trade is very thick.Government by setting up officials attempt to control the official overseas trade.But overseas trade is complicated , experienced all kinds of hardships, the government usually does not involved personally.The government take advantage of a variety of measures to stimulate the enthusiasm of civil merchants, encourage them to engage in overseas trade. In this part,also discusses the regional and overseas trade goods of non-governmental overseas trade, as well as the civil merchants'different identity and their mode of operation, dauntless adventure spirit and economic thinking of civil merchants.The third part, from the perspective of legitimacy, goods and participants of foreign Trade, I compare the non-governmental overland trade of Song and Liao, Xia, Jin and the non-governmental overseas trade along the southeast coast.Because of the government'two different trade attitude,the differences of economic and cultural levels in countries and regions, people'economic concepts and demand changes and other factors, makes two kinds of trade both have difference and contact.