| Housing is people's basic need, and therefore the housing problem relates to the national economy and the people's livelihood. Practically, the housing supply and demand model of a nation desides the reality of its housing field. An unpractical housing model will cause all kinds of conflicts and it takes a complete housing model to effectively solve and avoid them. Thereby, the construction of the model is the key to the solution of housing problem. However, the complexity of housing itself makes this construction extremely hard. First, all income brackets have different housing needs, which means "Housing problem" encompasses different requirements of different brackets in different periods; secondly, solving the housing problem is a complete flow from production to consumption, that is, the problem isn't utterly solved unless the supplied houses are bought by people. Thus, the construction of the housing supply and demand model calls for an integrated thinking from the perspectives of both supply and demand. We need to consider the requirements from all sides and also focus on the integration of supply and demand, which makes it quite difficult to put up a feasible housing model.An early starter on the housing policy, America has produced many valuable experiences on supply and demand pattern of housing problem. Historically, as the intrinsic characteristic in the housing field changes, America has experienced three phases of housing supply and demand called "Complete market model", "Government-led model" and "public-private partnership model". The vicissitude process in America is also the process of power shift between the government and the market in public services. The "Full market model" is the dominant model in America before 1930s. Overall, this model fulfilled the basic demands in the housing field at that time, with certain inherent limitations though. When the reality of housing changed, this model became unable to adapt to the new situation in American and finally, the deterioration of housing problem in the "Great Depression" forced the "Complete market model" out.The "Government-led model" rose in the "market failure" period. Under this model, the U.S. government built two frameworks called "market" and "non-market" to respond to the housing needs of all income groups. On the one hand, through the policy constructions of the primary financial market, the government restored and strengthened this market so that it could keep affecting the house purchasing among people with high or medium incomes. On the other hand, through the implementation of public housing projects, the housing needs of people with low incomes were included into the policy. The government-led model played a positive role in improving the living conditions of people, so to speak. However, such positive effect diminished with the frequent fluctuations in the primary financial market and increasing financial burden of the government. Besides, this model was unable to solve the new conflict appeared in the American housing field after 1970s, and eventually it's replaced by the "public-private partnership model".As a development of "complete market model" and "government-led model", the "public-private partnership model" takes both the fairness of the government and effectiveness of the market into consideration in American housing supply and demand. Through synthesized use of subsidies, government coupon distribution, establishment of government enterprises and the franchise granting, the American housing supply and demand has seen significant improvement while the costs are effectively controlled at the same time. In addition, the establishment of secondary financial housing market provides a unified housing financing platform for people from all income groups in American, and thereby greatly increases the fairness between housing supply and demand. Indeed, there are a lot of problems in the "public-private partnership model". First of all, in the face of new situations and new problems in the housing supply and demand, the Government always has difficulty in finding a corresponding collabration method in a short term; Second, successful application of this model requires appropriate control of the market by the government, which brings many difficulties to the implementation of the model.After a systematic study of the vicissitude of the U.S. housing demand and supply models, we have the following three conclusions. First, the housing related problem should be understood and grasped as a whole, including the integration of supply and demand and the housing provision for different income brackets. Only by adhering to these two policies, we can build a model that benefits all people. Second, in the construction of housing supply and demand model, it is necessary to not only clarify the guiding role of the government, but also seize the opportunity to introduce market mechanisms, so as to combine the fairness of the government and the effectiveness of the market. The housing supply and demand system should be maintained under the premise of fairness and justice. Third, the government's supervisory role should be strengthened. Self-discipline mechanism should be constructed and supervision over market department should be emphasized to guarantee the healthy and stable development of the housing market and people's livelihood. These proposed three points are what our country lacks in housing supply and demand model at present, and therefore require our serious attention.As we adhere to the idea of integrated housing problem, this paper was able to dig out the internal relationships and commonness among the concepts of laissez-faire housing supply, primal financial market, public housing project, subsidized housing construction program, rental subsidy program and secondary financial market under the concept of "housing supply and demand model", so that we can put all of them into a unified framework creatively. For instance, we see the financial system reformation after the "Great Depression" as equally an important means as the construction of social security system. It's the complementarily to each other that realizes the full coverage on the housing needs of people from different income brackets.Besides, we define the secondary mortgage market as an important mechanism innovation to enhance the house-purchasing abilities under the "public-private partnership model". And, by strictly distinguishing the financing and speculating period of the American secondary mortgage market, we point out its positive meaning and present ways to make effective use of it. The aforementioned bold perception all has certain innovative meanings that derives from the understanding of the creation in housing supply and demand. |
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