| The booming global urbanization has seriously damaged the natural habitat and resource, hindering the construction of a healthy ecological environment, it’s inevitably causing the change for the reproduction and inhabitancy of wild birds. During the process of rapid urbanization, natural land such as wetland, green area in suburbs has been gradually transformed into urban land in Shanghai, which has exerted mega impact on the bird community in suburb, however research about the structure and nestedness level of bird community in Shanghai suburb is considerable lacking. Hence, this study is dedicated to understand the distribution of different bird species in various habitat at the different stages of urbanization through comparative analysis of avian species richness, abundance, diversity and uniformity, with a purpose of render wildlife-protection advice for Shanghai city’s plan to take the urbanization of its suburb to a further step.We did bird survey at 35 line transects in five sample region from winter of 2013 to autumn of 2014. In total, we registered 36361 bird individual counts,110 species from 13 orders and 38 families.(1)In four different season, bird richness reach highest in autumn with 68 bird species, while the summer is the lowest with 42 bird species; bird abundance are highest in winter (10167 birds) and lowest in summer (8626 birds).(2)For 4 different type habitat, wetland has the biggest bird richness (87 bird species) and building area has the smallest bird richness (22 bird species); the building area has been recorded with maximum bird number (10510 individual counts), while green area only has 6516 bird individual counts which is the minimum; bird diversity indexes and evenness indexes are highest in greenbelt and lowest in building area; the dominant species has the highest degree of dominance in building area and lowest degree of dominance in wetland.(3)Of the all five sample region, bird species is highest in Pudong district (90 bird species) and lowest in Jiading district (43 bird species); Chongming district has the highest bird abundance (8236 bird individual counts), and Pudong has the lowest bird abundance (6270 bird individual counts); the degree of dominance of dominant species in Jinshan district and Jiading district are the same and higher than the other three sample region, and the degree of dominance of dominant species of Pudong district are the lowest.We used ArcGIS10.0 to classify the habitats within the 25 meters buffer around 35 sample lines. Four kinds of the habitats were classified. Urbanization level index was defined by the area of building habitat. Chi-square independence test was used to analyze the urbanlization level about five sample plots. We used the program NODF version 2.0 to calculate the species and abundance of birds nestedness in four different habitats(To eliminate the impact of different habitats area on the abundance of birds, the birds’abundances in all habitats divided by this habitat area of total survey area ratio, this is the standardized). And we used the program NODF version 2.0 to calculate the species and abundance of birds nestedness in five different sample plots. The results showed that there was significant difference among the urbanization level indexes of five sample plots (χ2=32.0406, p< 0.001). The species (NODF=65.36, P < 0.001) and abundance (WNODF=45.49, P< 0.001) of birds in different habitats were significantly nested, and the program NODF version 2.0 maximized sorted sorts of habitats are:wetland, farmland, green area, building. The species (NODF= 65.15, P< 0.001) of birds in different sample plots were significantly nested, but the abundance (WNODF= 46.26, P= 0.131) of birds in different sample plots were not significantly nested, and the maximized sorted sorts of sample plots are:Pudong Sample plot, Chongming sample plot, Qingpu sample plot, Jinshan sample plot, Jiading sample plot.We used the program NODF version 2.0 to calculate the species and abundance of birds nestedness in four habitats in every sample plot. The species and abundance of birds had been standardized. The results showed that the species (NODF= 63.36, P < 0.001) and abundance (WNODF= 46.76, P<0.001) of birds in different habitats of Chongming sample plot were significantly nested, but the degree of nestedness is low, and the program NODF version 2.0 maximized sorted sorts of habitats are:wetland, farmland, green area, building. The species (NODF= 64.06, P< 0.001) and abundance (WNODF= 49.71, P< 0.001) of birds in different habitats of Jiading sample plot were significantly nested, but the degree of nestedness is low, and the maximized sorted sorts of habitats are:green area, farmland, wetland, building. The species (NODF= 68.12, P< 0.001) and abundance (WNODF= 46.42, P= 0.002) of birds in different habitats of Qingpu sample plot were significantly nested, and the maximized sorted sorts of habitats are:wetland, farmland, green area, building. The species (NODF= 60.77, P< 0.001) of birds in different habitats of Pudong sample plot were significantly nested, but the the abundance (WNODF= 38.01, P= 0.308) of birds were not significantly nested, and the maximized sorted sorts of habitats are: wetland, farmland, green belt, building. The species (NODF= 66.64, P< 0.001) and abundance (WNODF= 45.60, P< 0.001) of birds in different habitats of Jiading sample plot were significantly nested, but the degree of nestedness is low, and the maximized sorted sorts of habitats are:greenbelt, farmland, wetland, building.In this paper we had surveyed the bird community in the different urbanization level sample plots and in different habitats. The results showed that the birds’richness, abundance, diversity, and evenness index were higher in the area which has low level urbanization. And the birds’richness, abundance, diversity, and evenness index were higher in wetland habitat. To provide more uitable management the protection of the wildlife inhabitants in metropolis, conservation effort aim at preserving wetland habitat and area with low level of urbanization should be raised. |
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