Analysis On Introduction Of Science And Technology In Late Qing And Formation Of Higher Education System In Modern China

Strictly speaking, higher education of modern China was born in 1860s. However, it is not the natural extension and development of Chinese traditional and feudal education. It is produced and developed with the introduction of western science and technology, under the attack of western learning into east and on the basis of profound reform of modern China. Widely view the whole modern history, each big social reform is bound to influence the formation history of modern higher education and thus produces a qualitative leap. Higher education of modern China belongs to a typical kind called"late emergence from the outside", it starts late and induced by foreign factors, therefore during the whole formation of modern higher education, learning from the west (Japan included) is always the main line. Based on the above facts and guided by the introduction of science and technology in Late Qing, it has more theoretical and practical significance for present higher education reform and develpoment to systematically analyse modern higher education.From the establishment of Capital Tung-wen College in 1862 to the promulgation of Gui-mao school system, this thesis divides the formation of higher education into three stages: rudimentary stage of westernization movement, embryonic stage of Reform in 1898 and established stage of late Qing reform. Based on the induction of science and technology introduction, the author will make a asymptotic analysis on the formation of higher education in modern China from the perspective of educationla objective, course content, teaching method and so on, and there is also one conclusion of experiences and lessons for each stage. During the formation of modern Chinese higher education, the teaching guidance thought of"Chinese learning for substance and western learning for usage"is one of its biggest features, this also conforms to the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Meanwhile this formation also shows the features of from surface to deeper, gradually deepens, multi-approach of introduction of western science and technology and diersity of modern higher education.From nothing to something to its final establishment, higher education of modern China has experienced nearly half a century's development, the lessons produced during its formation can be concluded from many aspects, including: the reform and development of higher education must comply with that of the social politics, economy and culture; the reform and development of higher education must handle well with the relationship between learning and innovation, inheritance and development; the reform and development of higher education must combine with the development of basic education and improvement of people's culture quality. It is of vital meaningful for the reform and development of present Chinese higher education with the guidance of"science and education"strategy to conclude the experiences and lessons produced during the formation of modern and present higher education. At present, the international competition is fiercer day by day, and the main competition lies on talents, this requires us that the reform of Chinese higher education must combine experiences learned from foreign countries with independent innovation; pay more attention on quality education to aviod the utility of educational goal; properly deal with the relationship between internationalization and nationalization of higher education; purify the reform goal of higher education and do avoid the tendency of"educaitonal industrialization".