| The thesis is about the social changes reflected by the social customs of Manchu in the district of Kaiyuan,based on the national development, the author illustrates the changes of social customs of Manchu in Kaiyuan during the modernization process of China by reorganizing all materials and datas.The main contents will cover the following aspects, the customs of life of Manchu itself, the social customs integrated with the Hans as well as the newly-formed social customs under the impact of foreign culture.The thesis could be divided into three main parts:Part one is an overview of the basic information and history about Kaiyuan district. Kaiyuan is a town located in the northern part of Liaoning Province, there are Manchu,Han,Korea,Xibo,Hui people living there ,Manchu is the most populous nation among other nationalities. Kaiyuan has a long history, it has been the capital of ancient Buyeo,east liao and east xia. As early as the Xia,Shang Dynasty,Zhou Dynasty,Kaiyuan is the place of residence Sushen. In the previous dynasties in history,Kaiyuan is very important because of its geographical location as the major military center. The name of Kaiyuan changed from Chatham State in Liao to Kaiyuan in Yuan Dynasty , Until the Ming, Kaiyuan finally established the name down.In the history, Kaiyuan has been a mixed multi-ethnic region. After the establishment of Kaiyuan Liaohai Wei and Sanwan Wei by the Ming Dynasty, the Han majority gradually increased,at the meantime, other minorities like Nuzhen (hada Department) also settled down here. In 1619, Nurhachu raised an army and attacked Kaiyuan City, the post-war massacre killing soldiers and civilians resulted in the change of population here. After the settling of the Manchu people, Manchu becomes the majority while and Han becomes minority, Kaiyuan gradually formed the life pattern of the combination of Han, Manchu, Korean, the Hui nationality. The second part is the main body part of the thesis; it mainly starts from the changes in daily life of the Manchu and further analyzes of the culture changes in Kaiyuan district. Through studying their dresses, food culture, housing and cultural trip, the thesis tries to discover the evolution of the cultural changes throughout the history. Manchu is one of the ethnic minorities of Northeast, who are mainly nomadic, hunting and fishing are the main way of life. Their settlement here has changed the environmental situation dramatically, while at the same time, China's modernization is carried out quietly, and in such conditions, the customs of the Manchu changed constantly, eventually a new lifestyle adapted to the local life had formed.Fashion: Manchu's traditional costumes are adapted to the ecological environment, no matter the material of cloths or the style and color, they need to give priority to the environment of the northeast and the nomadic life of hunting and fishing. After the Manchu settlement in Kaiyuan, the ecological environment changes as well as the communication and contacts with the Han and other peoples, they have followed in tune with the fashion city life, and the material of clothes has also changed from the fur from the animal into a local production of cotton, linen, also in the style combined with the local Han Chinese, more relaxed. Under the influence of modernization, the Manchu in Kaiyuan has also accepted the Chinese tunic suit, women's apparel and more prominent women's soft body, no longer limited to the Manchu cheongsam wearing, improved cheongsam has become synonymous with Oriental women.Diet: the Manchu tradition with its own diet is linked to the ecological environment. In order to facilitate the nomadic life of hunting and fishing, the early food is characterized by easy to store, portable so as to adapt to their lives. After moving to Kaiyuan, they gradually accepted local food, they not only try to retain the traditional diet of the visco - food, hot pot, barbecue, but has also absorbed the Han tradition like rice, while at the same time being influenced by the Western food culture, they have created a fire spoon beef, bo luo ye cake and other local snacks. The food culture of the region has formed multi-ethnic and multi-country characteristics.Housing: Half live in a cave is the traditional houses of Manchu, the purpose is to better architecture in the Northeast region of the nomadic and hunting and fishing, different from the Han nationality style with rooms of the brick, the Manchu housing is based on local trees and others. After living in Kaiyuan, based on the reservations the features of Manchu , they have built houses with the combination of customs with the Han, in the style accepted in the framework of the Han, Manchu retained in the local architectural features, especially the half-open window on the outside and the chimney-style, this building has also accepted by other nations to become residential areas to the basic style of Kaiyuan, bringing the Japanese after the Japanese-style architecture, the villa-style, two-story structures are gradually accepted by Manchu in Kaiyuan , combined with local characteristics, the formation of Japanese architectural style with the local architectural style of both buildings.Travel: human, animal transport are the traditional means of transport of Manchu, after settlement in Kaiyuan , these, together with the local shipping along the river have became the main means of transport of Manchu in Kaiyuan. In modern times under the influence of mobility tools into Kaiyuan, trains and automobiles in terms of convenience and the ability to carry far more than the traditional animal, human and shipping, together with road construction and modernization of the impact . When Manchu intends to travel, on one hand they would choose the new means like trains, cars, while on the other hand, in a large number of areas, people are still using human and animals as means of transportation.The third part is an analysis of the reasons for the changes in modern life. Impact on ecological environment is a major factor. After the changes in the ecological environment, several aspects of daily life has gradually changed to adapt to ecological environment in Kaiyuan. And in the course of this change, the Manchu in Kaiyuan has absorbed the characteristics of the other ethnic groups and at the same time retain their own traditions, thus forming a new cultural practice. under the influence of Modernization in China, Manchu in Kaiyuan has been open to adapt to the impact of foreign culture and influence, in order to keep the same and tolerate differences, and keep paces with the times. |
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