The Studying Of The Council Of Ministers In The Early Qing Dynasty (1626-1658)

In the study of the Qing Dynasty's system, we tend to emphasize the commonness of its and the Ming Dynasty', while we tend to emphasize the traits under the commonness. And because it's a continuous course in the evolution and innovation of system, the conclusion of the system's development just obeys the historic disciplinarian, which is weak in the study of the system's selection caused by historic characters. Therefore this article takes the activities of the characters in the organization named Wenguan and Neisanyuan as the center, for the purpose of demonstrating the complex relationship of the historic external condition and the historic characters' subjectivity.In the period of Nurhachu rising up, there was no civilian system,but there were civil servants who assumed the office of writing amanuensis, connecting the emperor and nobles,registering files, managing residences , teaching and so on. Besides, they also participated in the decision of national affairs. Though they had their own bureaux and their faint function, they were also private officials to their emperor and their employers comparing with the officials at court.There are two stages during the period of Huangtaiji's reign: One is also named Wenguan that became the formal civilian institution; the other is named Neisanyuan. Huangtaiji appointed a mass of Han Chinese civilians as his brainpower, so these Han Chinese civilians were affiliated with the government bureaucracy. They played an important role in giving counsel, and were idea civilians relative to private civilians. And the development from the stage Wenguan to the stage Neisanyuan, the framework got more standardized, the power got more definitely and so on, and these supplied the basis for becoming Ministry.In the first instance, Fulin came through prince regent. Prince regent Duo'er Gun established a formal bureaucracy system by the lead of Han Chinese civilians. However, he held back the power of prime minister which Han Chinese civilians asked fiercely, and confined their multifold functions. After Fulin took the reins, the complex condition let Fulin hit his throne rivals like dogfight. Meanwhile, Neisanyuan got grown as king's janissary. When Fulin changed Neisanyuan to Cabinet, the character of Neisanyuan changed to be power machinery.Along with the development of politics position, from Wenguan to Neisanyuan, private civilians walked out the employers' birdcage, came to the center of power. From Nurhachu to Fulin the character of civilian came through the spallation.