The Rising,Declining And Effects Of Commercial Trade Of The City Of Guihua In The Qing Dynasty

At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, with unifying of the country, the social order began to take on a stable aspect in the north frontier of China. The political, economic and cultural exchanges between Mongolia areas and central plains areas became closer and closer, which gave impetus to the rising of the local commercial cities and developing of the commercial trade.The City of Guihua of the Qing Dynasty not only became an important military fort of the north border, but also a trade center gradually on the prairies beyond the Great Wall for Han nationality and ethnic minority groups in north area, including the Mongolian nationality. The city of Guihua had been playing an irreplaceable role of a bridge in the material exchanges between in land areas and Mongolian prairie areas. But with entering of foreign capital and declining of the Qing Dynasty, the trade of the city of Guihua began to wane. The rising and declining of commercial trade of the city of Guihua has a profound effect on the development of the social economy and the political situation of inland provinces along the Great Wall and even the whole country.The neighborhood of the city of Guihua, near to central plains, is a place where the Mongolian nationality lived in compact communities, also a place where Mongolia agriculture developed earlier and Han nationality immigrated there earlier. The policies about agriculture and commerce carried out by the Qing government there were pursued gradually in other Mongolian areas. Therefore we should start from the city o f Guihua if we want to study the development of commercial trade in Inner Mongolian areas. The city of Guihua here geographically refers to two cities of Guihua and Suiyuan. The thesis uses the GuiSui areas of the Qing Dynasty as the area for studying, referring to and rising a lot of historical data of the Qing Dynasty and local history documents and some books in and abroad published in recent years, and makes a preliminary argument and presents my own view.The thesis consists of preface, body and conclusion. There are four chapters in the thesis. The chapter one relates the rising of commercial trade in the city of Guihua in the Qing Dynasty. The chapter two expounds the development and thriving of the city of Guihua in the Qing Dynasty. The chapter three analyses the declining of commercial trade and the reasons why the commercial trade declined of the city of Guihua at the end of the Qing Dynasty. Chapter four disserted the effects and enlightenments of commercial trade in the city of Guihua.