A Research On The Administrative Institutions In Tumd Region Of Guihua City In Qing Dynasty

Mongolian Tumd was a tribe with a long history. In 16th century,, Tumd boomed led by Altan Khan, later it played an important role in Mongolian Plateau and dominated the North for nearly one century.The emperors in Qing Dynasty established the government institutions of Dao and Ting in Tumd region of Guihua City to govern Mongolians and Han respectively, which led to the situation of "one region, two administrations". As relevant historical documents recorded, Abahai (Hong Taiji) vanquished Tumd tribe in 1632 and divided it into Tumd Left and Right Banner in 1638, and later established Dao and Ting, During these two centuries, The Qing government had established many administrative institutions in Tumd region such as Tumd Left and Right Banner, Guihua Lama Printing Bureau, Suiyuan General Yamen, Guisui Dao and Tongpan, Lishiting, etc. Therefore, the study on the administrative institutions in Tumd region of Guihua city in Qing Dynasty is significant for the research of the evolution of political system (e.g. to establish the Banners and assistants, "one region, two administrations"), the transformation of social economic formation (e.g. Mongolians were forced to work on farming instead of nomadism), the declination of national culture (e.g. the lost Mongolian language and the customs changes), and the lose of regional sovereignty (e.g. the power of two Tumd Banners were deprived by the General Yamen of Suiyuan City) and so on. Besides, Tumd of Guihua City, Chahar, Jehol, and the eastern Zhuo Suotu League and some other regions along the Great Wall are the places where Mongolians began to inhabit with Han, and develop agriculture. In these regions the evolution of political systems and administrative institutions were basically similar. As a result, the study of their functions in governing, coordinating the relationship between Banners and Ting (county), resolving the nationality contradiction and operating mechanism, and their positive and negative influence on the historical development of national regions is necessary and significant for the research on the evolution of the political system and administrative institutions in other Mongolian regions along the Great Wall in Qing Dynasty.The thesis includes four parts, i.e. preface, body, conclusion and references, with about 26 thousand characters. The preface introduces the basis and significance of the selected-title, previous research, relevant historical documents review, research methods and the innovative points and so on.In the body, the first part discusses the establishment of the two banners of Tumd, including the Banners and their assistants, Tumd Banners Yamen and the system which required Canling to discuss official business; the second is about Lama Printing Bureau in Guihua City, including its establishment and functions; the third is about the General Yamen of Suiyuan City, including its establishment and government over the two banners of Tumd; the fourth is about Guisui Dao and the establishment of its counties and cities, including its functions and the methods of handling civil affairs and utilizing administration power. In the conclusion, the establishment, development and evolution of the administrative institutions of Tumd in Guihua City in Qing Dynasty are summarized at three aspects. Besides, some personal viewpoints are put forward.