| After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty(1271-1368), Mongolian and other nationalities lived together in harmony, in particular, to accept and carry forward the results of various aspects of the Central China, which includes the understanding of earthquakes and other natural disasters . They had already have their own understandings of the causes of earthquakes . But what are the specific reasons were not very clear. However, because disasters were increasingly frequent at late Yuan Dynasty, People still regarded natural disasters as heaven removal and did not escape the statement of"People and Heaven Induction". At late Yuan Dynasty also repeated the interesting phenomenon that the Emperor and the Minister took the responsibility completely. Face disaster, Yuan government even changed names of some places where happened the earthquake to pray misfortunes. The Ministers often used this to discourage the Emperor to stop indiscriminate construction and overcharging. Whereas Bureaucrat cursed this concept was not only depth but also to the civilian population.Look at the book, it is not difficult to find that the ruling of the Yuan Dynasty in 97 years, the earthquake occurred quite frequently, average twice annually. the time of ShunDi was on the behalf of the earthquake with the highest number of records, 99 earthquakes occurred during his 35 years .The time of TaiDing had the highest frequency of earthquakes, which had an annual average of 3.4 times. There were 213 earthquake disasters occurred in the Yuan Dynasty. There was a total of 18 times earthquakes which caused disasters explicitly referenced in , which clearly referenced the Figures for the number of deaths and damage to residential as recorded were 7 times, Some of the other " Unable to calculate "and some of the "very important dies" etc, recorded more vaguely, made us unable to accurately infer the consequences of the earthquake disaster. In the 213 earthquakes, the most severe earthquake was Pingyang, Taiyuan earthquake which out broke on the time of ChengZong(1303/09/25). We also found the intensity of earthquake and the disaster were not entirely proportional because it was closely related to population density. At that time the people can also distinguish between the "earthquake" and "the big earthquake," These earthquake disaster were not only in the shock, but also in many areas, such as chugging black sand and raining strange things.The earthquake caused a great impact to Yuan Dynasty. In the previous earthquake, specifically mentioned a total death of 14,487 and 11,630 houses destroyed in the earthquake because of the earthquake. The earthquake made labor lost, certainly the contraction within the scope of economic. Coffers were empty, social unrest and even the worship practices had changed somewhat.Although the government of the Yuan Dynasty was more attention to agricultural development, but in the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Since most money the farmers earned were collected by the government, and there were many limitations of the process of agricultural policy, such as connivance of the armed forces of evil, kings and clan occupied farm, at late Yuan Dynasty agricultural development was to the situation of shrinking, in the face of increasingly severe natural disasters, and couldn't play a fundamental role in the resistance . But because of Han and Mongolian integration Mongolians had begun to settle down in the buildings and located in the canopy. To a certain extent the wooden structure housing reduced the hazards of earthquakes.At Yuan Dynasty floors agencies were responsible for natural disasters, in addition there were the specialized agencies. The operations of these organizations had a more structured system called"ShenJianTiFu". All classes would report disasters to the higher, then the higher according to actual inspection after the disaster took appropriate measures to relief the disaster. Every Yuan Dynasty floors, such as the LU FU Zhou and Xian, which didn't have the same authority and the role they played. The Xian in the relief process of direct contacted with people, in most class system, the most important task of the power was extremely inconsistent. The LU relief in the course of duty oversees government had limited powers. Provinces in the grant system did not directly face the people, the government and other major LUs of the lower half of the damage to verify approval greater power, since the LU was worried that the emergency government charges that the LU didn't dare to make a quick decision. Yushitai firms such monitoring bodies to have greater power efficiency higher. There was a serious shortcoming in the system. Disaster Relief practical result was not satisfactory. Private relief act came into being. Some officials and the general well off outpoured their generosity.Compared with the previous dynasties, the Yuan Dynasty relief measures was not much innovation, such as charity (giving food, buy up grain, grant money), Tax relief and corves, the Pension (allow hunting and fishing, foreclosure son, grant gruel, remove penalty), the Prohibition breweries and so on.The disaster relief process reflects the ethnic and class inequalities. Mongolian and other ethnic nationalities of the treatment (particularly of the Han), Royal treatment and ordinary people were different. But most of the measures taken to remedy were the negative disaster relief law rather than rent and tax reduction, actively develop agriculture and water conservancy, or other relief law. Official poor quality of low efficiency, lower costs all contributed to the disaster relief charity were the reason of the poor result. |
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