| 23 microsatellite markers from Apis mellifera ligustica were used to analyzed the genetic diversity of Apis cerana cerana populations and Apis mellifera ligustica, the six populations of Apis cerana cerana were from Nanchan, Huangshan, Tonglu, Feixian, Yixing, Wuyi, respectively. The two populations of Apis mellifera ligustica were Pinghu royal jelly bee and Suwang No.1 bee. At the same time, the ten main indexes of external morphology such as the length, width and area of the anterior wing, the cubital vein indexes, the length of proboscis and the length of terga 3+4 were detected. Genetic variability within populations and genetic differentiation among poputions were estimated. The main results were summarized as follows.1. There existed significant differences(P <0.05) among 10 characteristics of 8 populations in East-China. It had significant differences(P <0.05) betwwen Pinghu royal jelly bee and Suwang Suwang No.1 bee in length of bee right forewing, width of bee right forewing, area of the anterior wing, length of bee right forewing cubital vein b, bee length of tergum 3. The correlation between morphology features was significant (P <0.05) in length of bee right forewing, width of bee right forewing, area of the anterior wing, length of proboscis, length of tergum. Cluster by morphological characteristics and principal component analysis did not differ greatly. Clustered by morphological characteristics and ecological factors, which showed that ecological factors on the impact of bees morphological characteristics was very obvious. It suggested that the ecological factor was also an important side on the population classificiation.2. Twenty-three pairs of microsatellite primers were tested in six Apis cerana cerana populations and two Apis mellifera ligustica populations. 23 pairs of microsatellite primers can be successfully amplified. The results showed that 430 alleles were found in 23 microstaellite loci, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 6 (BI366) to 34 (AP043), mean number of effective alleles was 18.696. The gene heterozygosity (He) of all populations ranged from 0.702 to 0.939, and the average value was 0.844±0.069, respectively. The polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.653 to 0.936, and the average value was 0.828±0.080. All 23 microsatellite loci in this study showed high levels of polymorphism. The number of populations deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium per locus ranged from 5 to 10. In the all populatons, the genetic differentiation among populations, measured as FST value was 33.6% (P <0.001), and all loci were contributed to this differentiation significantly (P <0.001). Significant genetic differentiation was also observed between two subspecies of Apis cerana cerana and Apis mellifera ligustica. And the deficit of heterzygote was observed very high (0.572) (P <0.001). Reynolds'distance values varied between 0.215 ( Pinghu royal jelly bee and Suwang No.1 bee pair) and 0.683 ( Apis cerana cerana from Feixian and Wuyi pair), The Nm value was ranged from 0.255 ( Apis cerana cerana from Feixian and Wuyi pair) to1.041 ( Pinghu royal jelly bee and Suwang No.1 bee pair).3. The phylogenetic relationship among 8 bee populations were analyzed, and an un-rooted consensus tree was constructed using the Neighbour-Joining method. The tree topology revealed two main clusters. 6 Apis cerana cerana populaitions formed one cluster, and Apis cerana cerana from Yixing was found in the outside. Pinghu royal jelly bee and Suwang No.1 were formed the second cluster. The Nm value of 0.821 between Apis cerana cerana Huangshan and Tonglu was largerest in 6 Apis cerana cerana populaitions. The evolutional dendrogram of Pinghu royal jelly bee and Suwang No.1 was further than any Apis cerana cerana populaitions. It appeared rather farer phylogenetic relationship with Apis cerana cerana from Huangshan and Yixing. The Nm value of Apis cerana cerana from Wuyi and the other Apis cerana cerana populaitions was small, the Apis cerana cerana from Wuyi may be segregated.4. The geographical elements may own to the relationship for particular population pairs, however, the equation FST/(1-FST) =–0.2804 + 0.8722ln (d) and the results from Mantel's test (P=0.104) did not provide enough support for a significant correlation between the genetic and the geographical pair wise distances. The results concluded that the geographical distributing may not be the determinant influence on the genetic structure of Apis cerana cerana populations.5.The genetic diversity of Suwang No.1 bee was higher than Pinghu royal jelly bee. The results indicated that the populations of Pinghu royal jelly bee and Suwang No.1 bee had a tendency towards intermixing. |
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