Discussion On The Theory Of Scholarship Based On Shaw 's

The paper consists of three parts, studying the existing issues related to summer-heat excess theory:literature concerning the concept of summer-heat excess and summer-heat treatment, research on summer-heat excess theory and summer-heat treatment in recent years. The literature review aims at the existing problems about summer-heat excess theory and collects literature reports concerning summer-heat diseases in the last 40 years. From aspects of understanding summer-heat excess, nature of summer-heat diseases, initial pathogenic site, the concomitant and treatment methods it tends to know the general progress situation of this study and problems that summer-heat excess theory system faced in modern clinical practice.Discussion to summer-heat excess theory is divided into four parts.First refers to the nature of summer-heat and related concept of The Xiao’s exterior syndrome differentiation and treatment. By critical interpretation of ancient texts such as referring to the ancient books of Qin and Han dynasty and dictionaries, this paper conducts explaining research to term records of "Shu" (which means summer-heat) and "Ye" (which means summer-heat stroke) in Yellow Emperor and Golden Chamber and clarifies their original meaning and nature as well as combines them with summer-heat excess theory, so the meaning and interrelation of "Shu", "Re" (which means heat) and "Ye" is obtained. They all mean "heat". We can see the synonymous collocation of "Shu" and "Re" as well as "Shu" and "Ye" in old time. Also because "Shu" and "Re" have the same nature and they two have lower extent of "heat" than "Shu", while "Shu" is seasonal, only belonging to summer and "heat" is at all seasons. Combining The Xiao’s exterior syndrome differentiation and treatment, this paper, based on their original meanings and nature, attempts to explore summer-heat excess-related problems under existing Six Excesses pathopoiesia theoretical system. That is determining diseases’nature and treatment based on the essence of exopathogens, for example, the nature of "Shu" is heat, so the nature of disease is heat rather than cold, which cannot cause exterior syndrome; figuring out exogenous and internal injuries accompanied by pathogenic factors, then the prevention of cold and cool as well as abuse of pungent-warm medicines according to the priority in Treatise on Fevers can be realized.The second is to tease the understanding sources of summer-heat diseases in different dynasties. This chapter conducts analytical investigation through clearing up and comparing opinions of doctors of all dynasties, arguing that different dynasties have disagreed understanding to the concept that summer-heat excess causing diseases. Divergence exists in whether summer-heat diseases are accompanied with damp-pathogen and the way to feel pathogen. Besides, after Song dynasty the definition to summer-heat’s nature had both cold and heat or combined cold and heat and a same disease had different definition of cold or warm, moreover, discrepant definitions influence the naming, therapy and decoction of treatment, that’s why the phenomenon that cold or warm prescription can all cure summer-heat diseases is seen.The third explores physical fitness’s effect on the formation of summer-heat diseases. This chapter combines the constitution theory to discuss physique’s impact on summer-heat excess causing diseases, arguing that typhoid Yangming is proved to be similar with summer-heat syndrome and excessive-Yang-energy physique can be basic constitution of Yangming disease because it is easy to develop into heat flourishing pathogenesis of Yangming diseases. Taiyang Yangming, Zhengyang Yangming, Shaoyang Yangming have different disease occurrence ways, so no distinction is existed if they develop into "stomach sufficiency" (namely the formation of Yangming disease). Taiyang Yangming refers to excessive-Yang-energy physique infecting cold-evil. After pathogen enters into body, it is easy to become heat from Yang, showing exterior syndrome of Taiyang first and then"stomach sufficiency".Zhengyang Yangming refers to excessive-Yang-energy physique infecting heat-evil. Same tendency coming to body results in "stomach sufficiency". According to The Xiao’s exterior syndrome differentiation and treatment, one with normal physique infecting heat-evil in summer may form lung-heat syndrome, namely "warm-evil infects body, it hurts lung first" in warm disease theory. Those with excessive Yang energies in stomach feel the heat-evil and summer-evil, which leads to the Yangming Qi-fen fever syndrome, just as Ye Tianshi’s theory that "summer heat comes from the Yangming". Similarly, Yangming diseases arising in other seasons are not belonging to the summer-heat kind, which come after that excessive-Yang-energy physique develops to Zhengyang Yangming under the influence of heat-evil.The fourth chapter combines the results of the above three chapters, discussing the issues existing in current summer-heat diseases theory, which concerns with the relation between the names of summer-heat diseases and the nature of them, as well as the conflicts between treating prescriptions and the treating methods of clearing summer-heat. As for the names of summer-heat diseases, based on The Xiao’s exterior syndrome differentiation and treatment and combined with the summer-heat nature, the issues about the pathogenesis and naming of summer-heat diseases will be analyzed. In the current theoretical system of summer-heat diseases, the pathogenesis of the diseases covers different types of pathogen like summer-evil, heat-evil in summer and cold-dampness. The heat-evil usually will develop as the lung-heat syndrome and the summer-heat will develop as the Yangming Qi-fen fever syndrome. They have the similar nature to cause the damage of fluid and Qi, which can make the pathogen enter into blood and further cause other syndrome. The cold-dampness brings the diseases like summer-heat affliction, summer-heat filth and Yin summer-heat. It can directly cause diseases without the association with summer-heat, so the pathogenic factor belongs to the non-summer-heat kind and the name of disease is not in line with its essence.As for the summer-heat curing Chinese medicine, taking Agastache rugosus and elsholtzia as examples, their drug properties and treatment functions are collated in accordance with the times, in order to completely grasp the route of their application and evolution. The "summer-heat syndrome" in ancient times is described as the cold-dampness syndrome in vivo and vitro. At present, the dampness-elimination method has been included in the treatment of "summer-heat relieving", but the dampness elimination is not equal to summer-heat clearness. The summer-heat syndrome possesses the features of exterior cold and interior heat, so using the Agastache rugosus and Elsholtzia is to relieve superficies syndrome with pungent and warm natured drugs but not to clear the summer-heat. As for prescriptions, the Elsholtzia powder, huoxiang zhengqi powder, Wang’s decoction for clearing summer-heat and tonifying qi, higashigaki decoction for clearing summer-heat and tonifying qi and bai-hu tang are illustrated as examples.Through the analysis of prescription’s definition, drugs’composition and treatment functions and with the combination of pathogenesis features of summer-heat diseases, the chapter studies on the related questions about the prescriptions of summer-heat diseases. The summer-heat clearing prescriptions conforming to their definitions are as follows.1. Wang’s decoction for clearing summer-heat and tonifying qi. The efficacy of its drug composition is in line with the definition of summer-heat clearing prescription. Its functions of clearing summer-heat and tonifying Yin and Qi are suitable for the treatment of summer-heat syndrome causing the damage of fluid and Qi:2. Bai-hu tang. The summer-heat’s nature of it belongs to heat, and it can clear the summer-heat and has no conflict with the summer-heat elimination of heat-clearing prescription. Therefore, bai-hu tang can be applied to the treatment of summer-heat syndrome. The summer-heat clearing prescriptions not conforming to their definitions are as follows.1. Huoxiang zhengqi powder. This prescription is quite dry and has fine composition, whose dampness-elinimation function is to clear summer-heat.2. Elsholtzia powder. It is originally designed to cure the cold-dampness. Yin summer-heat syndrome is not the summer-heat disease. Yin syndrome in summer differs from the cold-dampness summer-heat syndrome, which have essential distinctions. In the prescription, the drug composition is temperate and it tends to relieve the exterior syndrome.3. Higashigaki decoction for clearing summer-heat and tonifying qi. It’s designed for the damp summer-heat syndrome mixed with the cold and dampness in summer. It lays its foundation on "tonification of Qi and spleen, and dampness elimination". This prescription lacks the drugs for clearing summer-heat, so its function is mainly to tonify the spleen and eliminate the dampness rather than clear the summer-heat.Generally, this paper takes The Xiao’s exterior syndrome differentiation and treatment of TCM as the basis to explore the corresponding issues in summer-heat theoretical system from the aspects of ancient literatures, physical theories and clinical prescription, and to restore the nature of heat. The etiological essence of summer-heat diseases in the current theoretical system will be analyzed to clarify the nature and treating methods of these diseases, which can reduce the harm of misusing and abusing the Xin Wen medicines in the process of treating summer-heat diseases, so as to give the theoretical system of summer-heat diseases a full play in the clinical treatment of exogenous disease.