The Urban Road Congestion Pricing Method Based On Game And External Costs

Traffic congestion, which is the major problem in all the metropolitans, could be alleviated by means of both traffic supply optimization and demand restrictions. As an important measure of urban traffic demand managements, Traffic Congestion Pricing (TCP) has gotten more and more attentions from traffic researchers all over the world. It could restrict the trip generation efficiently and then reduce the congestion.In this dissertation, TCP theories explained by economics as well as the impact factors for congestion price determination are stated firstly. Taking the real cases of TCPs in Singapore, London and Stockholm as examples, the implementing technologies of TCP are analyzed. During the case analysis, result of London TCP is detailed as the research experiences which are aiming at displaying the process and effect.In the research system for congestion pricing, congestion price determination (CPD) model is an important topic. Consequently, characteristics of three commonly used CPD models:the marginal pricing model, the disaggregate model and the bi-level programming model are stated firstly. Then, two CPD methods, i.e. game theory based and external cost based are analyzed. For the game theory based CPD methods, Stackelberg game model and Principal-Agent Model are put forward. As far as the external cost based CPD methods, qualitative classification and quantitative measurement of external cost of urban congestion is given out; further more, external costs calculation equations for additional time, environment pollution and traffic accidents are proposed.Combining with case analysis result of Stackelberg game and Principal-Agent model based CPD model, the external costs based CPD model is taken to calculate the external cost and congestion price at 2008 of Beijing. Comparing the results of the game based model and external costs based model, which are reasonable, demonstrating that these two models are applicable.Finally, the feasibility of implementing congestion pricing in China are summarized as well as the countermeasures. It is pointed out in this thesis that to understand huge external cost caused by traffic congestion properly, determine the traffic congestion price scientifically are the two most important topic when making up the urban congestion pricing policy.