| With the rapid economic development and expansion of population, natural resources and ecological environment are facing unprecedented pressure, therefore, natural resources and ecological and environmental protection have become the current social and economic sustainable development priorities. However face the dilemma of "to the food and clothing or to environmental protection", it is urgent for us to find a new and reasonable mechanism to promote the persistence of the protection behavior.Dahuofang Reservoir is one of the nine urban drinking water sources in our country, and will soon become a main drinking water source of six cities in the central of Liaoning Province, its features as drinking water have become increasingly prominent. In order to provide sufficient and qualitied water resources, people in upper reaches region has made great efforts, even at the expense of their own development to ensure the water security in lower reaches region. At the same time, relatively weak economic base and increasingly heavy burden of environmental protection make people in upper reaches region can not be afforded. It is becoming more and more difficult to further resolve the environmental problems in upper reaches region on its own. Therefore, as the direct beneficiaries, people in lower reaches region should share the ecological protection and construction responsibilities with those who live in the upper reaches region.This paper choose the upper reaches of Dahuofang Reservoir as the research object, on the basis of clarifying the concept of ecological compensation, taking public goods theory, externality theory, eco-capital theory and sustainable development theory as the theoretical foundation. And then determine the subject and the object as well as the ways and means of compensation by analyzing the elements of compensation and in conjunction with the natural socio-economic overview,water pollution situation and eco-compensation policy of the research area. Calculating the value of ecosystem services, total cost of ecological construction and protection and willing price to pay for people in lower reaches separately from the supply-side and demand-side, and ultimately determine the ecological compensation standards. Determine the contribution rate and the distribution rate by considering the benefit degree, willingness to pay, paying capacity, water area and water volume. Finally, establish concrete plan of ecological compensation measures.The paper obtain land-use spatial data of the study area based on 3S, support by Arcgis and Erdas software platform. Combine the spatial data with the statistical data, according to the theory of ecosystem services value, use market value method, opportunity cost method, shadow price method, cost analysis method, shadow project method, travel cost method and alternative cost method to evaluate the ecosystem services values of study area's material production, air conditioning, water regulation, environmental purification, soil conservation, biodiversity maintenance and leisure and cultural, the results is 1,357,554.7 million yuan.Calculate the direct cost of ecological protection and construction of study area from industrial pollution control, pollution control of livestock and poultry industry;environmental protected facilities construction, protection of ecological forest, soil erosion protection and resettlement through summarying and analyzing the data and information. Comparing the economic development level of study area with the neighboring country, calculate the indirect cost of ecological protection and construction of study area by using development rights loss estimation formula. The total cost of the ecological protection and construction is 30,799.22 million.The objects of compensation are economically backward Fushun, XinBin, Qingyuan, the subject of compensation is Shenyang and Fushun. In 2010, after "Dahuofang water project" completing, Benxi will be added to the objdcts and the subjects will include Anshan, Yingkou, Liaoyang and Panjin. On the basis of analyzing large amounts of data, as well as combining with the actual situation of study area, suggest adopt economic compensation mainly, policy compensation and intellectual compensation for auxiliary. Raise fund by financial transfer payment, collection of compensation, preferential credit and accept the public welfare donates at home and abroad, and take on intellectual support in order to reduce its technology spending, so we can achieve the purpose of compensation.From the supplier's point of view, building the calculate model of ecological compensation standards of study area, introduce water-sharing coefficient and water quality amended coefficient to calculate the upper limit of the compensation based on the value of ecosystem services and the lower limit of the compensation based on the total cost of ecological construction and protection, the results is 65,632.7 million for the upper limit, 9,221.4 million for the lower limit; then from the demander's point of view, calculating the compensation standard based on the "willing price to pay" for people in lower reaches, when the price of water enhances 0.2 yuan per ton, the amount of compensation is 8,637.6 million, when the price enhances 0.3 yuan per ton, the amount of compensation is 12,956.4 million. Analyzing and Comparing of four criteria to determine the final amount of compensation is 10,000 million yuan.Calculate the contribution rate of compensation from the benefit degree, the willingness to pay and the paying capacity of the lower reaches synthetically, the contribution rate of Shenyang is 0.6414, and Fushun is 0.3586. Consider the distribution of the compensation from water area and water volume, received the distribution rate of the compensation in the three counties are Fushun 0.0773, Binxian 0.4368, Qingyuan 0.4841. Establishing a set of measures assorting to compensation mechanism including perfect the eco-compensation-related policies and regulations, establish a supervition and assessment system of the compensation use, enhance public participation and education and achieve change from"blood transfusion type"to"hematopoietic type"progressively.In this paper, we further perfected the theory of ecological compensation system by studying how to establish ecological compensation mechanism in reservoir area; establish standard measure systems of compensation that based on the value of ecosystem services, the total cost of ecological protection and construction and the willing price to pay for people in lower reaches, which makes the compensation standard fairer and more reasonable; discuss the contribution rate and distribution rate in detail, to ensure that the contribution and distribution of compensation is fair and reasonable all-round way and omni-directional. Provide a theoretical basis for establishing a ecological compensation system scientifically and implement effectivlly; at the same time, finde a new way to resolve the "Prisoner's Dilemma" of eco-environmental constructionin since long, which due to the lack of effective incentive; and also has laid a good foundation for the entire reservoir region harmonious, sustainable development. |
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