Taxonomic Studies Of Hyphomycetes On Conifer Leaf Litter

Hyphomycetes on conifer leaf litter are those fungi which have some part of or whole life cycle on the conifer leaf litter, Our country has a vast territory, spans warm temperate zone, temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone, has complex ecosystem and abundant vegetation. and which accumulate diversiform conifer leaf litters. So they cannot but contain plenty of hyphomycetes resource. But our country has lagged in the study of this fungal groups.This study aimed to investigate the population of hyphomycetes on conifer leaf litter, discover more species and genera. SO that develop,ultilize and protect the species diversity of China, and layed a foundation for the further study.A total of 350 conifer leaf litter samples from many representative sites selected in China were collected. Based on careful identification, we discoved 29 species belonging to 24 genera of hyphomycetes. Of which, 2 are new species, 4 genus and 8 species are new recorded to China, 20 species wrer reported from China before. All genera and species are fully described and illustrated morphologically. Distribution sites and habitat are also cited.The 2 new species are Anungitea longclavata S.P. Wang & M. Zhang and Balaniopssi pseudoafricana S.P. Wang & M. Zhang.The 4 generanewly recorded to China are Anungitea B. Sutton, Balaniopsis P.M. Kirk, Thozetella Kuntze, Verticicladium Preuss.The 8 species newly recorded to China are Anungitea brevicatenata R.F. Castaneda, Beltraniella amoena R.F. Casta?eda, Chalara aurea(corda)Hughes, Endophragmia dimorphospora Awao et Udagawa, Lacellina graminicola (Berk.&Br.) Petch, Phialomyces fusiformis Delgado et Decock, Thozetella havanensis R.F. Castaneda, Thozetella falcata Paulus and Verticicladium trifidum Preuss。The 20 species known to China are Arthrobotry oligospora Fres, Beltrania rhombica O. Penzig, Beltraniella portoricensis (F.L. Stevens) K.A. Pirozynski & S.D. Patil, Chaetopsina fulva Rambelli, Cladosporium paeoniae Passerini, Cladosporium venturicides Saccardo, Curvularia geniculata (Tracy & Earle) Boedijn, Endophragmiella boewei(J.L. Crane)S. Hughes, Memnoiella echinata (Riv.) Galloway, Oedocephalum glomerulosum var.cantonense Teng, Periconia byssoides Pers.ex Schweinitz, Pestalotiopsis sinensis(Shen)P.L. Zhu, Quadracaea mediterranea Lunghini, Repetophragma goidanichii(Rambelli)W.P. Wu, Stachybotrys atra Corda, Stachybotrys cylindrospora C.N. Jensen, Volutella minima H?hn and Wiesneriomyces laurinus P.M. Kirk。Specimens of the studies and all dried cultures are deposited in the Herbarium of Henan Agricultural University: Fungi (HHAUF).Based on those works, we concluded the taxonomic methods and criteria of genera and species of Hyphomycetes on conifer leaf litter as well as our viewpoints about this group fungi.1. Most of this fungal group is saprophytic fungi, which conidial morphology and size are variable with the culture condition and culture media, and different from that on the natural substrates. The natural substrates is the most suitable to the growth and development. Therefore, the morphology of these fungi on the natural substrates should be main identifying bases. Culture feature and sporulation pattern are essential and helpful supplements.2. The conidiophores and the conidiophores extending mode and conidiogenous pattern are key to distinguish these fungi at genus level, but those are not important at species level. In addition to this, the conidial inserted characteristics (catenation or solitary), character of septation, conidial ornamentation, patterns of conidia formation and conidiophores proliferation are helpful to identify a few hyphomycete genera. Shape, color, size, septation, appendage and basal cells ornamentation of the conidia are the main identification characters at species level.3. Different generia need to choos the most appropriate conditions and culture media for growth and sporulation. The most frequently used culture media are PDA, PCA, CMA and TWA+W. PDA is suitable for those grow slowly, other culture media which being poor in nutrition are adapt to facilitate sporulation. Most fungi are suitable for cultured for about 1~3 weeks under 20~24℃with 12h light/12h dark. Damnification and, freeze dealing and short time irradiation near ultraviolet (NUV) can stimulate fungi sporulation.