Studying On The Kin Altruism Behavior And Evolutionary Mechanism Of Organism

The life is the most precious, complicated and delicate phenomenon in the universe. However, if we separate the various and complex behaviors of all lives into components or basic elements, we can say that there are just two simple ways between them which are competition and cooperation when two lives encountered with the conflict of interest. The Darwin's theory of evolution by Natural Selection showed the competitive ways of individuals' encounter and stressed the cruel strive among individuals who fight for food, space and resources to achieve the highest reproductive success. In order to improve their own fitness, the individuals need to be selfish and cunning. The natural selection theory has given us the best explanation about the Natural Selection and the survival of fittest in the biosphere. However, there seem to be another behavior way such as altruism and cooperation in the biosphere. Darwin once observed the altruism and cooperation existing among the social insects such as bees and ants. He was puzzled by this and he viewed it as a counterexample of the theory of evolution by Natural Selection. A century later, through a great number of field observations and experiments, the biologists proved that altruism and cooperation was a phenomenon extensively existed among bacteria, animals and plants, and the human being. In order to explain the altruism behavior of social insects, Hamilton raised the Kin Selection theory. The theory indicated that the altruism behavior usually happened among relatives and it was positive correlation to their kinships, namely, they were more inclined to have altruism and cooperation, if the individuals were more intimate. The closer their kinships are, the higher the probability of their genes to be identical and the more the assistance, contributions and sacrifices would be given to each other. Although the altruism behavior between closer relatives was rendered to reduce their fitness, it indeed increased their inclusive fitness. The natural selection would save the individual who could transfer his own genes or same genes to offspring during the heterogenesis. In other words, it would save the individual who enjoyed the inclusive fitness. With the Hamilton's theory, Hamilton explained the altruism behavior and the evolution of sociality insect successfully and developed the calculation methods of Coefficient of Relationship. On the genetic basis the Richard Dawkins's theory of selfish gene indicated the evolutionary mechanism of kin altruism. The theory stressed that a unique characteristic of successful genes was cruel selfishness.