| Poverty is a chronic disease that has long accompanied the formation and development of human society,and is one of the important factors hindering the progress of human civilization.Even today,with advanced science,technology and productivity,poverty continues to evolve in various forms in different countries,regions and groups.At present,the global poverty problem is complex and severe,especially the novel coronavirus pandemic has further aggravated the problem.The global economy has fallen into the worst recession in 90 years,with about 120 million people falling back into extreme poverty and 114 million people are unemployed.With the joint efforts of the whole society,China has completed the arduous task of eliminating absolute poverty as scheduled,and the anti poverty cause has achieved a historic victory.The fight against deep poverty is a major issue in the process of poverty alleviation.Deep poverty originates from general poverty,and its characteristics are different from general poverty,and its evolution shows more significant fragility and dynamic characteristics of "impoverishment,poverty alleviation,and poverty returning".It is characterized by complex causes,deep poverty levels,and different types of manifestations.So far,the academic community has not yet formed a systematic and theoretical understanding of the characteristics and formation mechanisms of deep poverty,and China’s comprehensive solution to the problem of deep poverty is a typical result of "practice before theory".After eliminating absolute poverty on schedule and achieving the historical goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects on schedule,how to improve the quality and sustainability of absolute poverty exit,consolidate the effective connection between the achievements of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization,and firmly hold the bottom line of not returning to poverty on a large scale is an important issue for common prosperity and Chinese path to modernization in the "era of poverty alleviation".Therefore,in today’s historic solution to the problem of absolute poverty and the comprehensive construction of a moderately prosperous society in China,it is still necessary to deeply understand and analyze the formation and evolution laws of deep poverty,and build a comprehensive and comprehensive mechanism to block the returning of poverty-stricken populations.Conducting research on deep poverty and poverty alleviation is not only an effective supplement to anti poverty theory,especially Chinese characteristic anti poverty theory,but also helps to improve the quality of anti poverty governance in the post poverty era,enhance and consolidate poverty alleviation achievements,and promote high-quality development of the Chinese economy.The research on poverty in the academic community has a long history.As early as in the period of classical economics,classical political economists expounded their distinctive views on the problem of national poverty from different perspectives,but on the whole,they had the limitations of bourgeois understanding.Marx deepened his understanding of proletarian poverty into the investigation of capitalist system,scientifically pointed out that capitalist relations of production based on capitalist economic laws is the root of poverty,and further pointed out that to eliminate proletarian poverty,capitalist economic relations must be eliminated.With the development of western economics to modern times,many scholars in the fields of development economics and welfare economics have enriched and improved the research on the formation,performance and governance of poverty from different perspectives.Since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China,the Party and the government have always been committed to eliminating national poverty and improving the living standards of the people.Especially since the reform and opening up,China’s anti poverty practice has achieved historic achievements,explored a path of anti poverty with Chinese characteristics,and summarized a set of anti poverty theories with Chinese characteristics.A large amount of theoretical research and practical experience together form the foundation of this study.On this basis,based on the basic position of Marxism,using the basic methods of Marxism,combined with the specific practice of China’s reform and development,the main problem to be solved in this article is to examine the basic laws of deep poverty and poverty returning.This article follows the research approach of "posing problems-analyzing problems-solving problems" as a whole,and designs a research framework.The first part,based on the Marxist political and economic standpoint,draws on relevant research in Western economics to extract and summarize the political and economic connotations of poverty and deep poverty;The theoretical value of exploring the structural characteristics of deep poverty based on the explicit characteristics of deep poverty in revealing the underlying formation mechanism of deep poverty;From the perspective of the new historical background of China’s historic solution to absolute poverty and the new historical task of consolidating the achievements of comprehensive poverty alleviation,this article defines the economic connotation of the phenomenon of poverty returning and the problem of poverty blocking studied in this article.The second part uses structural analysis methods to deeply analyze the structural characteristics of China’s deeply impoverished population before targeted poverty alleviation;Starting from the theory and reality of economic development,analyze the formation and evolution of deep poverty areas and the evolutionary logic of China’s deep poverty problem.In the third part,a political economy analysis framework was constructed to analyze the formation of deep poverty.Based on the analysis of the political economy connotation of deep poverty,the main factors,object factors,and market factors that affect the formation of deep poverty were classified and examined;Exploring the theoretical mechanisms of deep poverty generation,transformation,and transmission within the framework of three element coupling.In the fourth part,a multidimensional indicator system for the overall situation of deep poverty was constructed,and empirical analysis was conducted on the influencing factors of deep poverty using publicly available household data.The fifth part,based on the theoretical framework of deep poverty formation,uses the analysis framework of motivation risk to examine the endogenous and exogenous risks of China’s poverty alleviation population returning to poverty at present;Furthermore,a long-term mechanism for driving governance is proposed to address the types of endogenous drivers of poverty returning,and a risk management prevention and control mechanism is constructed to address the types of exogenous risks associated with poverty returning.Finally,discuss the research conclusions of this article and make prospects for further possible research directions and content.Through studying the basic laws of deep poverty and poverty returning,this article has drawn the following conclusions.First,before the implementation of the targeted poverty alleviation strategy,the geographical distribution structure of China’s deeply impoverished population was concentrated in the mountainous areas of the central and western regions,ecologically fragile areas and "border areas for the old and young",the demography distribution structure was characterized by low human capital,low market participation,concentration of agricultural registered residence population,and concentration of ethnic minority population,and the industrial distribution structure was characterized by concentration in the primary industry and industries with comparative advantages;In terms of the regional development characteristics of deep poverty population concentration,it is manifested as a comprehensive backwardness and significant structural trend in economic income,infrastructure construction,culture and education,and medical and health conditions.Secondly,under the influence of market mechanisms,the unbalanced development of the economy is an inevitable historical process.With the formation of the central market and the deepening of the uneven development of market economy space,the contradiction between people,land,and industry is gradually intensifying;The unique laws of market economy,such as the accumulation and concentration mechanism of capital,market competition and credit mechanism,industrial evolution mechanism,and regional resource agglomeration mechanism,gradually trigger regional and structural deep poverty problems;After the reform and opening up,the Chinese economy has gone through the above process and continuously adapts and adjusts to the trend of unbalanced development and deep poverty structure through policy regulation;The evolution of the distribution pattern of deep poverty in China has gone through the process from the whole to the structure.The basic clue of this evolution is the evolution from the institutional constraints of the overall operation of the national economy to the constraints of regional conditions and individual capabilities in the context of the market economy.Its internal logic is that the poverty benefit of China’s economic development practice is the core,the structural differentiation of poverty is a phenomenon,and the coordination of efficiency and fairness in economic development is a response.Thirdly,an "individual nature market" analysis framework of deep poverty political economy has been constructed,pointing out that the connotation of deep poverty political economy reflects three dimensions: low individual productivity,low natural productivity,and low market transaction level.Correspondingly,these three dimensions are factors that affect the formation of deep poverty,including the subject,object,and economic relationship.Under the above analysis framework,the formation of deep poverty is the result of the coupling effect of the three elements of "individual nature market".The spontaneous breaking of elements-deprivation and exclusion-negative accumulation are the initial generation mechanism of deep poverty.Furthermore,the characterization of deep poverty will change with the evolution of socio-economic forms,and the phenomenon of deep poverty will also be transmitted in both spatial and temporal dimensions,including regional and human transmission and people to people.Fourthly,by constructing a multidimensional indicator system for deep poverty,using household data samples to calculate the degree of welfare deprivation,and constructing descriptive variables for deep poverty,further empirical tests have found that individual,natural,and market factors have a significant impact on deep poverty in households,indicating that the individual nature market analysis framework can be used to explain the formation of deep poverty to a certain extent;The higher the number of years of compulsory education for family labor,the deeper the degree of deep poverty,which may mean that members of deeply impoverished families engaging in production activities earlier is indeed beneficial for reducing family education expenses in the short term and increasing economic income;When controlling individual abilities and natural environment separately,market participation factors have a more significant impact on poverty levels.The impact of market participation factors on the "low level" group is greater than that on the "high level" group,indicating that market participation factors may play a decisive role in the formation of deep poverty,and the influence of individual abilities and natural environment is a moderating and mediating role.Fifthly,the lack of individual rationality and market exclusion constitute the endogenous drivers of poverty returning,while policy risk,market risk,and capacity risk constitute the exogenous risks of poverty returning;Establish two levels of motivation governance mechanisms to address individual rationality deficiencies and market exclusion.Firstly,we should focus on stimulating endogenous motivation,consolidating basic education,and enhancing vocational education to jointly rebuild individual rationality.Secondly,emphasis should be placed on expanding employment channels,participating in characteristic industries,and ensuring infrastructure,in order to promote market participation of poverty-stricken populations and market construction in poverty-stricken areas through structured mechanisms.Regarding the risk management that leads to poverty returning,it is necessary to follow the three principles of precision,synergy,and urgency,in order to prevent and control the coupling of the vulnerability of the poverty-stricken population and the identification of external risks.A horizontal mechanism for risk prevention and control should be constructed,and a temporal mechanism for risk prevention and control should be constructed through the coupling of pre monitoring and early warning,protection and mitigation during the event,and post rescue support.The possible innovative points of this article are:Firstly,a new perspective is proposed to use structural analysis methods to study the formation and evolution of deep poverty,and to analyze the nature of its formation and evolution.Through the analysis of a large amount of data materials,this study explores the structural distribution and main characteristics of different types of deep poverty population,as well as the economic and social characteristics of concentrated and contiguous areas of deep poverty population.Taking the theory,history,logic,and path of economic imbalanced development caused by the contradiction between people,land,and industry as clues,this study explains the formation mechanism and evolution law of deep poverty at the regional level,The basic clues and internal logic of China’s evolution from overall poverty to structural poverty have been proposed,namely,the shift from institutional constraints to regional conditions and individual capacity constraints as the basic clues,and the beneficial poverty and differentiation effects of market economy development as the internal logic.Secondly,based on the basic stance,viewpoints,and research methods of Marxist political economy,this paper proposes and clarifies the three dimensions of the connotation of deep poverty in political economy,namely the low individual productivity,the low natural productivity,and the low level of market transactions.These three dimensions are progressive and logically clear,summarizing the essential connotation of deep poverty from the perspective of political economy.Based on these three dimensions,the influencing factors of deep poverty formation are revealed,and the theoretical mechanism of deep poverty formation coupled with three factors is analyzed from the perspectives of generation mechanism,change mechanism,and transmission mechanism.Thirdly,based on the theoretical framework of "individual nature market" deep poverty,analyze the theoretical mechanism of poverty alleviation population returning to poverty and the practical ideas of blocking poverty returning.This article takes "motivation risk" as the basic framework and draws on the deep poverty theoretical framework of "individual nature market" to systematically and comprehensively analyze the mechanism of poverty returning.We will comprehensively build a blocking mechanism for the returning of poverty-stricken populations by addressing internal factors and preventing and controlling external risks. |
