| On February 25,2021,General Secretary Xi Jinping announced at the National Poverty Alleviation Summary and Commendation Conference that "after 8 years of continuous struggle,China has completed the goal of poverty alleviation in the new era as scheduled,all the rural poor people have been lifted out of poverty under the current standards,and all the poor counties have been removed from the hat,eliminating absolute poverty and regional overall poverty",which marks the basic elimination of the problem of absolute poverty that has plagued China for thousands of years.However,we must be soberly aware that the poverty standard is dynamically adjusted,that poverty will be repeatedly produced and reproduced in this process,that the old poverty phenomenon will be eliminated,and that new poverty will emerge.As early as 2016,during the two sessions of the National People’s Congress,General Secretary Xi Jinping forward-lookingly put forward the thesis that "relative poverty,relative backwardness,and relative gap will exist for a long time";in June 2020,General Secretary Xi Jinping once again stressed during his inspection in Ningxia that "poverty alleviation is not the end,but the starting point of a new life and a new struggle".A series of speeches by the general secretary means that poverty control is a systematic and complex long-term project,with the elimination of absolute poverty,poverty theory research and policy practice will focus on relative poverty,and alleviating relative poverty will become an important starting point for narrowing the relative gap between individuals and achieving common prosperity for urban and rural residents.However,compared with absolute poverty,the connotation and extension revealed by relative poverty are more multi-dimensional,the inducements are more complex and changeable,and the economic and social impact is more far-reaching,which requires based on actual national conditions and summary of international experience to explore a more sustainable path of relative poverty governance.With the development of modern human capital theory,people have come to realize that it is not enough to discuss poverty reduction strategies only from the perspective of productivity or economic growth.By increasing investment in human capital to reshape or strengthen the people’s cultural literacy and ability structure,stimulate and cultivate the endogenous motivation and ability of the poor population,and enhance the people’s physical quality and reemployment ability,can we truly promote the free and orderly diffusion of economic growth results in regions,urban and rural areas,industries and classes,and realize the gradual penetration of social welfare from high-income classes to middle-and low-income groups.Considering the huge number of rural population and agricultural employees in China,the weak rural economic foundation,and the insufficient feasible capacity of residents,it can be judged that at present and for a long time in the future,agriculture is still the basic industry for Chinese farmers to settle down and the pillar industry for promoting rural revitalization,and the countryside is still the main battlefield for controlling relative poverty and achieving the goal of common prosperity.Based on this,this thesis starts from human capital to study the relative poverty of rural households,which can not only promote the integration of human capital theory,collaborative governance theory and common prosperity theory in rural space,but also provide new ideas for realizing the common prosperity of urban and rural residents.Specifically,the main research content of this thesis includes the following aspects:The first part,analyzing the actual background and proposing research questions,points out the theoretical value and practical significance of rural relative poverty from the perspective of human capital,constructs the research ideas and content framework of this thesis introduces the research methods and data used in this thesis,and points out the possible research innovations and limitations of this thesis.In the second part,the core concepts of human capital,human capital investment,relative poverty and rural households involved in this thesis are defined,and the research progress at home and abroad is systematically sorted out from the three aspects of human capital,relative poverty,and human capital investment and poverty governance.In the third part,the basic theories of poverty occurrence and development,human capital theory,collaborative governance theory and common prosperity theory involved in this thesis are expounded;starting from "Solo surplus" and "The Mystery of Lyon Tiff",the theoretical logic and practical basis of human capital to help alleviate relative poverty are analyzed;and the classical theoretical model closely related to this thesis is elaborated from three aspects: the scale and structure of human capital,the economic growth effect of human capital investment and the income distribution effect.In addition,a collaborative governance model of rural relative poverty in China is constructed to lay the foundation for the following research,and a theoretical analysis framework is constructed from three aspects: family education expenditure,medical insurance participation and labor skills training,and research hypotheses are proposed.The fourth part analyzes the stock and characteristics of China’s human capital from the aspects of national population total,age,gender and population flow;based on the theory of human capital,constructs an analysis framework for rural human capital investment policies from the dimensions of content and time,and analyzes the evolution of China’s rural human capital investment policies from five dimensions: formal education,medical and health care,vocational skills training,urban population return and the introduction of professional talents;from education investment,The three aspects of medical insurance system development and vocational skills training expound the current situation and characteristics of human capital investment in rural Areas in China;summarize the evolution process of poverty governance since the founding of New China70 years ago,expound the policy priorities and poverty alleviation results at each stage;describe the scale and characteristics of relative poverty in Rural Areas in China based on different measurement standards such as one national line and two lines in urban and rural areas,and analyze the causes of relative poverty in Rural Areas in China from three perspectives: economics,sociology and political science.In the fifth part,the effect of household education expenditure on the relative poverty of rural households was analyzed from the aspects of scale and structure,and the robustness analysis was carried out by using different relative poverty measurement standards of 40% and 60% and increasing the control variables of villages;Heterogeneity analysis was carried out in three dimensions of education stage and region,and finally two intermediary variables of labor force employment transfer and social capital were selected for mechanism analysis.In the sixth part,the effect of participation in the medical insurance system on the relative poverty of rural households was studied,and the robustness test was carried out by comprehensively using PSM,replacement of explanatory variables and increase of control variables,and endogenous analysis was carried out by using "average age of households" and "medical insurance participation behavior" as instrument variables;heterogeneity analysis was carried out from age,education stage and region,and finally out-of-pocket medical expenditure and labor supply were used as intermediary variables for mechanism analysis.In the seventh part,the effect of labor skills training participation behavior on the relative poverty of farmers was studied,and the robustness test was carried out by replacing the explanatory variables and increasing the control variables,and the endogenous analysis was carried out by PSM method;heterogeneity analysis was carried out from the three dimensions of region,education stage and gender,and finally the number of family workers and the working time were selected as the intermediary variables for mechanism analysis.The eighth part,research conclusions and policy recommendations,based on the previous analysis,this thesis draws the following four conclusions: First,the stock of rural human capital and insufficient investment are important reasons for the relative poverty of rural households.Affected by the long-term "urban tendency" development strategy and the difference between urban and rural resource endowments,there is a big gap in the scale and structure of urban and rural human capital investment.At the same time,the scale and characteristics of urban and rural relative poverty are not the same,which requires the promotion of urban-rural integration development as the basic idea,with the two-way free flow of urban and rural elements as the focus point,to eliminate the institutional institutional obstacles to rural human capital investment,to promote the increase and structural optimization of rural human capital investment stock,and ultimately to promote rural relative poverty governance.Second,increasing investment in family education can help cultivate the endogenous development motivation and capacity of farmers,thereby alleviating relative poverty.Public financial education resources are the basis for promoting the construction of rural basic education facilities and promoting the high-quality development of rural compulsory education,but public education resources are more inclined to focus on developed areas in the actual investment process,thereby expanding the gap between urban and rural education development.Therefore,it is necessary to give full play to the basic role of public financial investment,but also to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of rural family education investment,optimize the structure of family education expenditure,realize the synergy between public education investment and family education expenditure,and break the intergenerational transmission of relative poverty of rural families.Third,as an important human capital,healthy capital is an important prerequisite for the existence and effectiveness of human capital.With the development of the economy and the change of ideological concepts,health care investment has become an important part of the rigid expenditure of rural families,but the increase in medical expenditure is more likely to cause poverty due to illness and return to poverty due to illness,and the construction of medical service system,especially the medical insurance system,has become the most effective means to solve the problem of poverty caused by illness.Fourth,the improvement of labor skills is an important source of power for promoting China’s economy from the stage of high-speed growth to the stage of high-quality development.The role of academic education on the promotion of human capital occurs before the labor force enters the labor market,after entering the labor market,the accumulation of work experience and professional skills improvement of workers not only comes from professional labor training programs,but also has a cumulative effect with the increase of age,becoming an important driving force for high-quality economic development.Based on the above research conclusions,this thesis puts forward the following policy recommendations: First,step by step to formulate relative poverty standards,and promote the integration of urban and rural development in a cascade.Based on the actual needs of China’s rural economic level and the promotion of urban-rural integration development,by2035,the median income of 50% should be used as the relative poverty standard,and it should be synchronized with China’s economic development level and national development plan,adjusted every five years,and then consider the construction of a multi-dimensional relative poverty indicator system after the basic realization of socialist modernization.Second,summarize the experience of poverty alleviation and establish a dynamic monitoring system for household expenditure.Adhere to the basic strategy of accurate identification,accurate management and precise policy implementation,integrate the existing poverty alleviation and development information system,and establish a dynamic monitoring system for household expenditure to provide a basis for formulating personalized relative poverty assistance measures.Third,promote the optimal allocation of educational resources and build an incentive mechanism for family education investment.Give full play to the basic function of public financial education investment,and at the same time,we must also give play to the endogenous role of family education expenditure through the reform of the education system and the improvement of rational decision-making ability.Fourth,improve the rural medical service system and improve the overall level of urban and rural medical insurance.Strengthen the construction of the rural medical team to improve the professional level of practitioners,improve the medical basic equipment to improve the emergency rescue capacity of rural clinics,improve the rural medical management system to improve the level of service and supervision,and realize the overall planning of medical insurance at the county,municipal,provincial and national levels in stages to establish a medical security system covering the whole people.Fifth,enrich rural vocational training programs and improve the skill level of rural residents.Launch a training program for agricultural production and management skills,strengthen the training of rural residents in agricultural and non-agricultural skills,and improve the ability of rural residents to resist natural and market risks,especially to strengthen the training of rural left-behind women;in accordance with the strategic layout of the national industrial structure,timely adjust and innovate the content of vocational training in the eastern,central,and western regions;and cultivate a contingent of grass-roots cadres in the three rural areas who "love the countryside,love the peasants,understand agriculture,and understand the market." Sixth,establish a modern rural industrial system to promote inclusive agricultural development.Agricultural production should face market demand,adjust agricultural supply in a timely manner,adhere to the path of green and sustainable development,strengthen scientific and technological innovation to lead agricultural development,and fully grasp the two major international and domestic markets.Seventh,increase redistribution,and the third distribution is aimed at low-income groups.Improve the new agricultural support and protection policy system,establish a dynamic adjustment mechanism for subsidy standards,accelerate the establishment and improvement of the special fund system for rural education,medical care and training,and accelerate the construction of an agricultural risk fund system.At the same time,by strengthening the awareness of charity,stabilizing the scale of the central government’s rescue funds for special groups,and mobilizing enterprises and public welfare organizations,we will give full play to the supplementary role of the third distribution in primary distribution and redistribution.This thesis cuts into the problem of relative poverty of farmers from the perspective of human capital investment,and the possible research innovations are as follows: First,to enrich the theoretical system of "three rural areas",this thesis takes human capital as the entry point,cross-departmental,cross-industry,and cross-regional collaborative governance as the starting point,and alleviates the relative poverty of farmers as the foothold,which is conducive to the integration of human capital theory,collaborative governance theory and common prosperity theory in rural space.Second,the innovation of the research perspective,this thesis realizes the transformation of the research perspective from physical capital to human capital,absolute poverty to relative poverty,and empirically examines the effect of human capital on the relative poverty of rural households by constructing a theoretical analysis framework for the impact of human capital on the relative poverty of rural households.Third,the innovation of the analysis framework,which only studies the impact of human capital on the relative poverty of farmers from a single or partial perspective,is not conducive to our comprehensive understanding and scientific evaluation of the systematic impact of human capital investment strategies on the relative poverty of farmers,and cannot provide scientific guidance for the formulation of relevant policy measures and farmers’ livelihood choices.This thesis unifies the family education expenditure,medical insurance system,and labor training participation behavior into the theoretical analysis framework of human capital,constructs the transmission path of human capital affecting the relative poverty of rural households,and uses CFPS 2014,2016 and 2018 rural micro-survey data to test the influence effect and mechanism between the two,providing a certain basis for the future development of the three rural undertakings and deepening the institutional reform. |
