Research On Knowledge Spillover And Its Economic Effects Of University Scientific Research In Japan

Since entering the 21 st century,global scientific and technological innovation has entered a period of unprecedented intensity and activity,and a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial change are re-configuring the global innovation map and reshaping the structure of the global economy,and there is an increasing trend of cross-fertilization between disciplines,between science and technology,between technologies,and between the natural sciences and the humanities and social sciences,so how to achieve an integrated articulation from scientific knowledge to the economy is the key.In the 1980 s and 1990 s,Japan successively put forward the strategies of “science and technology as a nation” and“science and technology creation as a nation”.On the one hand,it has increased the investment in scientific research in universities to strengthen their basic research;on the other hand,it has established a link between universities and industries to promote the process of knowledge industrialization.As of 2023,28 Japanese(including 3Japanese American scholars)have won the Nobel Prize,and most of these winners have close ties with university research in Japan.At the same time,Japan’s unique system of industry-academia cooperation has led to significant knowledge spillovers from university research.This paper takes knowledge as an entry point to analyze the relationship between university research and the economy in Japan,analyzes the knowledge spillover of university research and its economic effect from the perspective of economics,and then summarizes Japan’s experience and lessons learned in enhancing the knowledge spillover of university research and its economic effect,so as to provide effective suggestions for our country to effectively deal with the challenges faced by the enhancement of knowledge spillover of university research and its economic effect.Based on the theories of science economics,knowledge spillover,evolutionary economic growth,and innovation economics,this paper constructs an analytical framework for the analysis of university research knowledge spillover and its economic effects in Japan by taking advantage of the role of knowledge industrialization as a link between universities and industries.Analyzed from the perspective of university research knowledge spillover,which belongs to the category of scientific basic research,it has the characteristics of science and knowledge,especially the explicit and implicit characteristics of knowledge,which directly affects the practical path of university research knowledge spillover.Analyzed from the perspective of economic effect,it belongs to the category of endogenous economic growth,and knowledge is the most critical element to promote the potential growth of the economy,and the degree of synergy between university research knowledge spillover and the economy affects its comprehensive economic effect.Analyzing the measures taken by Japan to enhance the knowledge spillover from university research and its economic effect,it is related to the cooperation between industry,government,academia and research,and the establishment of a multifaceted and collaborative innovation ecosystem,based on the theory of innovation economics.Reviewing Japan’s historical process of enhancing university research knowledge spillover and its economic effects,it can be seen that the process of its effectiveness is based on certain historical conditions,including the basic conditions of academic research to enhance the production capacity of university research knowledge spillover,and new development opportunities driven by changes in the main body of external demand,with emphasis on the market and problem-oriented economic demand pull.This process has four periods of historical evolution,namely,the period of accumulation of momentum,rapid transformation,stable development and diversified symbiosis,each of which has typical development characteristics.Combined with the historical development process,the operation mechanism and realization path of Japan’s university research knowledge spillover are analyzed in depth.From the analysis of the operation mechanism of Japanese university research knowledge spillover,under the demand target,the operation mechanism of Japanese university research knowledge spillover is led by the university,and other main bodies around the university research,forming the guiding mechanism of economic demand,the constraining mechanism of factor input and knowledge transmission,the incentive mechanism of organizational alliance,and the safeguard mechanism of the synergistic participation of multi-party main bodies.The operation mechanism of university scientific research knowledge spillover has general knowledge attributes and industrialization of economic attributes,Japan to economic demand as a link,scientific research around the university to promote the effective use of knowledge,promote the industrialization of knowledge,the formation of a chain of operation mechanism,is conducive to the construction of talent,knowledge,capital and other input elements of the benign cycle of the system.From Japan’s university research knowledge spillover practice path analysis,and then explore the essence of the production of university basic research knowledge to the output results of the economic effect of the realization of the method.There are three paths for realizing knowledge spillover from university research in Japan based on knowledge carriers: the path of knowledge spillover from embedded carriers containing tacit knowledge,the path of knowledge spillover from non-embedded carriers characterized by explicit knowledge,and the path of realizing the knowledge spillover effect by utilizing collaborative networks in the era of "mega-science".Based on the characteristics of knowledge spillovers from university research,this paper focuses on the economic effects of knowledge spillovers from university research in Japan by focusing on the regional economic effects and innovation effects.In analyzing Japan’s university research knowledge spillover and its economic effects,the time and space factors are fully taken into account,and the path dependence of knowledge,technology and system are added to analyze the synergistic evolution of Japan’s university research knowledge spillover and its economic effects within a certain time and space range.The economic effects of university research knowledge spillover are analyzed in terms of the synergistic relationship between university research knowledge spillover and regional economy in Japan.By establishing a comprehensive evaluation index system,the comprehensive level of university research knowledge spillover and the comprehensive level of regional economy in 47 prefectures in Japan are measured;then,a coupled coordination model of university research knowledge ecosystem and economic growth system is established for each region to measure the correlation and synergistic relationship between university research knowledge spillover and its comprehensive capacity of the economy;and the synergistic relationship between university research knowledge spillover and its economic effect in Japan is further investigated.And further study the synergistic evolution of university research knowledge spillover and its economic effects in Japan,so as to analyze the "integration" of the two.When the "integration" situation is good,it means that the university research knowledge ecosystem and local economic development have a better spatial synergistic relationship,the lower the cost of knowledge spillover,and the more obvious the clustering effect of knowledge spillover and economic clustering effect within a certain time and space,then the economic effect of university research knowledge spillover is more significant,which is conducive to the development of economic entities in the region under the effective collaboration.The lower the cost of knowledge spillover and the more obvious the economic agglomeration effect within a certain time and space,the more significant the economic effect of university research knowledge spillover is,which is conducive to the formation of a benign cycle of the regional economy under effective collaboration.Analyzing Japan’s university research knowledge spillover and its innovation effect from different stages of the innovation value chain.At the production stage of the innovation value chain,a stochastic frontier model is developed to analyze the production capacity and innovation efficiency of Japan’s university research knowledge spillovers based on University-Industry Cooperation.In the application stage of the innovation value chain,a stochastic frontier model is developed to analyze the role of scientific research outputs on direct economic benefits using the results of the first stage.In the dissemination stage of the innovation value chain,the economic ripple effects of university research knowledge spillovers are analyzed along with the innovation effects.In Japan,in the process of enhancing the knowledge spillover from university research and its economic effects,we have reexamined the development priorities of university research based on the judgments of economic needs,economic needs,and social non-economic needs by utilizing economic needs and problem orientation,combining universities with industries,and utilizing the "vine-type" cooperation model of multi-party collaboration to run the Pasteur Quadrant University Research Model.The Pasteur Quadrant model of university research has accumulated experience in knowledge spillover from university research with Japanese characteristics.At the same time,Japan faces challenges in the process of enhancing the knowledge spillover of university research and its economic effect.The knowledge spillover effect of universities is limited by the regional economy and the combination of "learning" and "research",and the multi-level cooperation network increases the procedure of the spillover of university research results to the outside world.In addition,there are serious barriers between different levels of university scientific research,which reduce the efficiency of industrialization of university scientific research results,and the industrialization of university scientific research knowledge spillover results is facing socio-economic risks,which makes the university scientific research knowledge spillover lack of outward tension.In order to realize sustainable economic development and potential future economic growth,China should play the role of university scientific research knowledge,link university scientific research with industry,increase the stock base of knowledge spillover through interdisciplinary construction,stimulate innovation vitality,improve the synergy efficiency between various knowledge-producing subjects,and push forward the construction of the innovation system,and it can also learn from the experience of the multiple practices of the effect of university scientific research knowledge spillover in Japan.We can also learn from the experience of Japan’s multiple practices in the spillover effect of university scientific research knowledge to seek economic breakthroughs and occupy the innovation plateau under the background of the era of "mega-science" and the industrialization of university scientific research knowledge.In order to seize this opportunity of "starting",China is also facing many challenges,and only by effectively solving these practical problems can we adapt to the requirements of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial change in the future,and have the advantage of "leading" in science,innovation and economy.