| In the 21 st century,with the explosion of big data and the development of cloud computing,embedded perception systems and artificial intelligence special chip technology,artificial intelligence technology has made major breakthroughs and entered the era of machine learning.The technological revolution has extensive,indepth and creative impact to labor process,labor skills,employment volume and structure,income distribution and even the world economic pattern.Throughout human history,technological progress has promoted the transformation of labor methods from manual labor to semi-mechanized and mechanized labor,and mechanical power has gradually replaced human muscle power;then it has developed into automated labor,reflecting the extension of machine functions;now,artificial intelligence promotes it to further developed intelligent labor,this is the replacement of human strength and intelligence by machines.In the era of largescale machine industry,Marx thought about the phenomenon of "machines crowding out workers".He used the theory of labor process,the theory of organic composition of capital and the theory of relative surplus population to analyze in detail the impact of the capitalist application of machines on labor employment,pointing out that machinery increases the wealth of the producer,but its capitalist application turns the producer into a pauper in need of relief.So in the era of artificial intelligence,are Marx’s relevant theories still applicable? What are the new characteristics of labor employment? What are the changes in total labor employment,labor supply and demand,employment structure,employment form,and labor income share? These not only become the practical problems to be solved urgently,but also the emphases and difficulties of this paper.For a long time,the Communist Party of China(CPC)has regarded the employment issue as the foothold of china’s governance,paid real-time attention to the interests and well-being of the working people,safeguarded the legitimate rights and interests of the working people,and actively explored new mechanisms for the governance of labor relations.The report of the Nineteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China clarified the people-centered development idea and announced the development goal of gradually realizing common prosperity.The report proposed that china should accelerate the deep integration of new technologies such as artificial intelligence and the real economy,and cultivate new economic growth points and employment opportunities,so that the majority of people have the opportunity to realize their own development through labor.The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19 th CPC Central Committee emphasized building a harmonious labor relationship,thereby promoting decent work and all-round development for all working people.Therefore,in the face of the opportunities and challenges brought by the development of artificial intelligence to china’s labor employment,china should improve the research status of labor employment issues,based on people’s yearning for a better life,insist on people-centered,and promote research on new-type labor relations.On the basis of adhering to the scientific principles of Marxism,this paper adopts the research method of combining historical induction and logical deduction to explore the impact of artificial intelligence on labor employment,and actively uses Marx’s labor process theory,Marx’s capital organic composition theory,Marx’s relative surplus population theory and technological innovation theory to analyze artificial intelligence’s "micro-influence on labor process-meso-level impact on industrial structure and regional development-macro-level impact on total employment and income distribution-international impact on global value chain",and builds a "historical logic-theoretical logic-practical logic" theoretical analysis framework.The full text consists of eight chapters: the first chapter is the introduction,mainly including the research background,research significance,research ideas,research content,and literature review at home and abroad.The second chapter is the concept definition,theoretical basis and analysis framework,on the basis of the definition of artificial intelligence and the combing of relevant Marxist theories,a theoretical analysis framework that follows "historical logictheoretical logic-practical logic" is constructed.The third chapter analyzes the impact of the technological revolution on labor employment from a historical perspective,following the research idea of "micro-meso-macro-international",this chapter summarizes the impact of the first three scientific and technological revolutions on labor employment from a historical perspective,and draws out the impact of the fourth technological revolution centered on artificial intelligence on labor employment.The fourth chapter analyzes the impact of artificial intelligence on labor employment from the perspective of microscopic labor process;this chapter introduces the reshaping of artificial intelligence on the labor process,including artificial intelligence to strengthen the control of production,consumption and circulation,and transformation of the traditional division of labor,it also introduces the form of production organization in the era of artificial intelligence-postFordism,and at the same time analyzes the impact of artificial intelligence on the laborers themselves and their development.The fifth chapter analyzes the impact of artificial intelligence on labor employment from the perspective of industrial structure and regional development;and on this basis,theoretical assumptions are put forward,and the impact of artificial intelligence on employment industrial structure and regional structure is analyzed in combination with empirical methods.The sixth chapter analyzes the impact of artificial intelligence on labor employment from the perspective of total employment and income distribution;on the basis of the macro-effect mechanism affecting employment,it summarizes the changes in the total amount of employment and employment structure in the era of artificial intelligence,and then deduces the impact of artificial intelligence on income distribution,and explains the income distribution under different forms of social use.The seventh chapter analyzes the impact of artificial intelligence on labor employment from the perspective of the global value chain,and makes a detailed analysis of labor employment in the production,circulation and distribution links of the new global value chain,and analyzes the development of capitalist labor employment.The eighth chapter is the conclusion and policy recommendations,it proposes to optimize policies from four perspectives of "micro-medium-macrointernational",and suggestes to promote labor employment with intelligent technology,then optimize the income distribution structure,build and improve the employment and social security system with Chinese characteristics,and ultimately achieve common prosperity.On the basis of the above research and analysis,the following five conclusions are mainly drawn:First,there have been three technological revolutions in human history,corresponding to three technological ages—the age of mechanization,the age of electrification,and the age of automation.The corresponding form of production organization changed from handicraft industry to large machine industry in the first scientific and technological revolution,transformed into Fordism characterized by large-scale assembly line production in the second scientific and technological revolution,and shifted to the Neo-Fordism and Post-Fordism in the third scientific and technological revolution.The first three scientific and technological revolutions brought about mixed changes in social production technology and micro-level production organization methods,which not only brought about fundamental changes in social productivity,but also brought about changes in the industrial and regional structure of employment,total employment,and income levels,it even affects the international labor market,and ultimately changes the social production relations and social classes of the superstructure.Second,artificial intelligence has reshaped the labor process through the control of the fields of production,consumption,and circulation,promotes the transformation of labor division from vertical division to horizontal division,and developed the subordination of labor to capital.The application of artificial intelligence has achieved better control over the labor process,shortened socially necessary labor time,improved labor productivity,and promoted more comprehensive development of the post-Fordist production organization.In the process of artificial intelligence technology continuously decomposing and simplifying the labor process,the skills of workers are developing in the direction of "de-skilling".At the same time,the demand for high-skilled labor in the market is also increasing,which leads to the polarization of the skill structure of labor.Moreover,the era of artificial intelligence requires workers to have a variety of knowledge and skill structures,so workers’ skills show another trend of change—the universality of workers’ skills.Third,due to the different elasticity of substitution of artificial intelligence technology for different types of labor,the impact of artificial intelligence on the organic composition of capital in various industries is also unbalanced,which is then reflected in the employment level and income distribution of various industries.Artificial intelligence generally shows a high substitutability for conventional operational labor such as labor in the manufacturing sector.At the same time,the development of artificial intelligence promotes the improvement of the capital organic composition of the conventional cognitive labor sector centered on the traditional service industry.However,in the conventional cognitive labor sector,the complementarity between capital and labor will hinder the further improvement of the organic composition of capital in this industry.Artificial intelligence is weak in substituting labor for unconventional operations,and the organic composition of capital grows slowly.For unconventional cognitive sectors dominated by high-end service industries and emerging service industries,the organic composition of capital may continuely reduce in the era of weak artificial intelligence.Therefore,in the era of weak artificial intelligence,the organic composition of capital in the manufacturing sector continues to increase,the development of artificial intelligence reduces the demand for manufacturing labor,while the organic composition of capital in traditional service industries grows slowly,and the organic capital composition of high-end service industry and emerging service industry has a downward trend,and the development of artificial intelligence may increase the demand for labor in the service industry.Fourth,starting from the macro mechanism of action,artificial intelligence has negative destructive effects and substitution effects on employment,as well as positive expansion effects and creation effects,and these two effects work together to form the final overall effect of artificial intelligence on employment.Under the effects of both positive and negative effects,the analysis of total employment has both pessimistic and optimistic forecasts,but this needs to take different forms of social use into account.The impact of artificial intelligence on total employment may vary under different social systems.In terms of income distribution,although artificial intelligence will intensify the Matthew effect of income distribution,that is,factor bias and skill bias,which may lead to unequal income distribution.Therefore,if we always adhere to the ownership structure with public ownership as the main body and multiple ownership economies developing together and adhere to the distribution system with distribution according to work as the main body and multiple distribution methods coexisting,we will create a fundamental guarantee for getting rid of the chronic distribution problems of capitalism and gradually realizing the relative equality of distribution.Fifth,the technological change centered on artificial intelligence restructures the global value chain.Under the conditions of the new global value chain,labor employment in the production link presents four characteristics: the strengthening of labor control,the transfer of labor employment risks,the strengthening of competition among laborers,and the spatialization of labor distribution.The labor employment of enterprises in the circulation link also presents four characteristics:outstanding ability to adjust labor-capital relations,strong ability to differentiate workers’ organizations,outstanding ability to strengthen capital power,and interdependent international division of labor.In terms of distribution,the development of artificial intelligence technology has intensified the Matthew effect in the distribution of the global production system,which has provided favorable conditions for capital expansion and profitability to a certain extent,and widened the gap between labor income and capital income.,and maked the distribution of wealth extremely unequal.In the context of the global capitalist social system,the development of labor employment in the production link is manifested in the transfer of employment risks,the concealment of exploitation methods,and the overall control of the labor process;the development of labor employment in the circulation link is manifested in the transfer and deepening of the contradiction between labor and capital;the development of labor and employment in the distribution link is manifested in the expansion of wage differences among classes,industries and countries.The innovations of this paper are as follows: First,based on the historical experience of the impact of the scientific and technological revolution on labor and employment,a new perspective based on the impact of the technological revolution on the development of labor and employment based on Marxist political economy is created,and the impact of the first three scientific and technological revolutions on labor and employment is analyzed along the research line of "micro-mediummacro-international",and leads to research on the impact of the fourth scientific and technological revolution centered on artificial intelligence on labor and employment.The second is to start from the macro mechanism,this article discusses the destruction effect and substitution effect of artificial intelligence on employment,and the expansion effect and creation effect,and then analyzes the overall effect of artificial intelligence on employment,and on this basis,it explores the changes in total employment and employment structure,and at the same time considers the impact of artificial intelligence on total employment and labor income distribution under different forms of social use.Third,when analyzing the international impact of artificial intelligence on labor employment,taking the global value chain as an entry point,it describes the process of artificial intelligence technology reconstructing the global value chain,forming a new division of labor and a new type of global value chain.It also explores and summarizes the labor employment in the production link,circulation link and distribution link under the new global value chain,and at the same time conducts scientific research and judgment on the development of capitalist labor employment on this basis.The fourth is to use Marx’s labor process theory,Marx’s capital organic composition theory,Marx’s relative surplus population theory and technological innovation theory to analyze the "micro-medium-macro-international" impact of artificial intelligence on labor employment,and a theoretical analysis framework that follows "historical logictheoretical logic-practical logic" is built,which provides a new research perspective for analyzing the impact of artificial intelligence on labor employment. |
