| Background:In the history of the development of the modern Olympic,track and field has always been the first major competition event,and it is also an important indicator to measure the level of competitive sports in various countries.The medals won by Chinese athletes in the past few Olympic Games and their performance in the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics,reflecting their progress.Pakistan is ranked 98 th in the medal standings and has not won a single medal in the past 20 years.Haugen et al.reported that the world’s all-time best male and female sprinters improved by an average of 8% from 18 years of age and,it becomes very challenging to enhance or even maintain sprint performance beyond the age of 30,most likely due to neural and/or hormonal factors and an age-related decrease in type II fiber distribution and/or cross-sectional area.Sprinters who perform at a high junior level without excessive specialization are at the optimal point of departure for senior success.Excessive specialization and inappropriate training progression increase the odds of nonfunctional overreaching,overtraining,and performance stagnation.A widely held view is that elite performance requires?10?years or 10,000 h of deliberate practice to acquire the necessary skills and experience to perform at an international level.So,it is easier to train young athletes according to their conditions because as time passes with biological age the maturity level get increase and life priorities will get changed.Then there are factors such as the temperature,allergens,pollution,nutrition,pressure,social conditions,and altitude that cannot be controlled and can have serious effects on human performance.Psychological,and training factors such as crowed pressure,family support,coaching issues,equipment,precompetitions and during competition can hinder performance if not taken seriously.Objective: This study aimed to compare the external factors influencing the performance improvement of national level U-19 sprinters in Pakistan and China.Methods:This study is a comparative study of the top three male and female sprinters at the national level in China and Pakistan in the 100 m,200m and 400 m events.In order to find the external factors that affect sports performance of U-19 sprint athletes,researcher selected36 sprinters and 12 coaches of U-19 sprinters from Pakistan and China.In order to find out the external factors that affects sports performance,the researcher used the literature review method,expert discussion method,questionnaire survey method,delphi method,field investigation method,test method,mathematical statistics method,comparative research method,analytic hierarchy process and other qualitative and quantitative methods.Quantitative combination of research methods,from five aspects of training factors,environmental factors,psychological factors,nutritional factors and social factors,to analyze the impact of each factor on sports performance.To collect qualitative and quantitative data,the researchers designed two different questions for athletes and coaches.The data collected by the questionnaire are chi-square test,independent sample t test and AHP,and are analyzed by Excel,SPSS16.0 and SPSSAU20.0software.Secondly,the data collected from the third round of the Delphi method was analyzed by using the analytic hierarchy process.Results:For the indicators in the Delphi method questionnaire for coaches,according to the conditions that 2/3 or more experts agree to be selected,the indicators are selected.From 9first-level indicators and 97 second-level indicators,5 first-level indicators and 29 second-level indicators that meet the conditions have been selected.The ranking of the weight values of each evaluation index is: the first-level index environmental factor(0.35)> psychological factor(0.26)> training factor(0.21)> nutrition factor(0.12)> social factor(0.06).It can be seen from the data that there is a statistical difference in the mean ± SD of the training factors of Chinese and Pakistani U-19 sprint athletes(3.76 ± 0.60 for Pakistani athletes and 4.12 ± 0.94 for Chinese athletes),indicating that Chinese U-19 sprint athletes are satisfied with sports funds and facilities,But Pakistani U-19 sprint athletes are not satisfied.The analysis showed that psychological factors(3.92±0.44 for Pakistani athletes and 3.45±0.79 for Chinese athletes)and social factors(4.01±0.51 for Pakistani athletes and 3.07±0.74 for Chinese athletes)had a significantly greater impact on the performance of Pakistani athletes than those of Chinese athlete’s influences.The study further showed that environmental factors(3.82±0.66 for Pakistani athletes and 3.50±0.73 for Chinese athletes)and nutritional factors(2.68±0.52 for Pakistani athletes and 2.61±0.64 for Chinese athletes)had no significant difference in the effects of Pakistani and Chinese U-19 sprint athletes.The analysis showed that of the 18 Pakistani U-19 sprint athletes,8 had an FMS score below 14 and a higher risk of future injury and another 10 athletes had an FMS score above 14 and a lower risk of future injury.In contrast,18 Chinese U-19 sprint athletes had FMS scores higher than 14 and a lower risk of injury.Conclusions:In this study,the total five main factors were selected through the threestage Delphi method(training,psychological,nutritional,environmental and social factors)and29 sub factors were selected to check the affects of these factors on performance growth of U-19 sprint athletes of Pakistan and China.Through the analysis of the above data,the following conclusions are drawn:1.Chinese U-19 sprint athletes are more satisfied with training funds,facilities,coaches and training patterns,while Pakistani athletes are less satisfied.2.Pakistani U-19 sprint athletes consider psychological and social factors to be more important in improving performance,while Chinese athletes consider less psychological and social factors that negatively affect their performance.3.Both Chinese and Pakistani U-19 sprint athletes believe that inappropriate or unhealthy environments and nutrition have a nominal impact on their training and competition performance.4.Physical strength and FMS test was conducted to see the physical strength level of both countries’ U-19 sprint athletes and the results showed that Chinese and Pakistani male athletes are almost have same physical strength while Pakistani female athletes have low physical strength than Chinese female athletes.Similarly Chinese athletes have better results of FMS as compared to Pakistani athletes which mean Pakistani athletes are more prone to get injuries. |
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